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Human Organs and Tissues > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

2 layers of skin

A

Epidermis

Dermis

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2
Q

Is the hypodermis part of the skin?

A

No

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3
Q

Main functions of the skin

A

Protective
Immunological (has APCs)
Sensory
Exocrine (sweat, apocrine, sebum, mammary glands)
Endocrine (vitamin D synthesis)
Homeostasis (thermoregulation, water conservation, gas exchange, excretion)
Communication

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4
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

Throughout skin
Excrete water, salt, urea
Critical for cooling the body
Soles of feet and palms of hands - also underarms, groin, and forehead

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5
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A 
Axilla and groin only
Develop during puberty
Secrete water and lipids (glycoproteins)
Break down the organic compounds in sweat causing body odor
Pheromones for signalling
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6
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Associated with hair follicles
Secrete oils that coat the hair and skin
Protective film
Sebum composed of lipids, triglycerides, waxes, squalene, cholesterol and cell remnants
Secretion controlled by testosterone/androgens

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7
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Immune cells responsible for picking up pathogens

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8
Q

Merkel cells

A

Nerve cells responsible for sensation

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9
Q

What are the only type of nerve endings in the epidermis?

A

Unencapsulated (free) nerve endings

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10
Q

5 layers of the skin

A 
Stratum corneum
S lucidum
S granulosum
S spinosum
S basale
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11
Q

Thick skin

A

Made up of all 5 layers
Restricted to palms of hands and soles of feet
Lacks hairs and has abundant sweat glands
S spinosum is also thick

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12
Q

Thin skin

A

No stratum lucidum
Has hairs
Covers the rest of your body
S granulosum and corneum are pretty thin

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13
Q

Turnover of skin involves..

A

Cell renewal (mitosis)
Differentiation
Cell death
Exfoliation (sloughing off)

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14
Q

Stratum basale

A 
Also called stratum germinativum
Basal cell layer of epithelia
Rests on basal lamina
Single layer of columnar cells
Has mitotically active keratinocytes, melanocytes, and Merkel cells
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15
Q

Melanocytes do not have..

A

Desmosomes

But they do have hemidesmosomes

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16
Q

Desmosome Structure

A

Adaptor proteins attach keratin filaments to the cytoplasmic plaque
Transmembrane linkers connect adjacent cells

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17
Q

Keratin filaments are also known as… (2 names)

A

Tonafilaments

Intermediate filaments

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18
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Cuboidal to squamous cells with central nuclei
Contains aggregates of keratin called tonafilaments
Responsible for mechanical strength of epidermis
Variable number of cell layers depending on location

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19
Q

Malpighian layer

A

Includes the stratum basale and stratum spinosum

Nearly all the mitotic activity in the epidermis occurs here and cell division occurs only at night

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20
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Keratinocytes mostly squamous

Contain membraneless keratohyalin granules in this layer

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21
Q

2 types of granules

A 
Keratohyalin granules (membraneless)
Lamellar granules (membrane)
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22
Q

Lamellar granules

A

Fuse with the plasma membrane and release their GAGs and phospholipids into intercellular spaces
May be important in sealing the deeper layers of the skin

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23
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Only in thick skin
Narrow, acidophilic translucent band of flattened keratinocytes whose nuclei, organelles, and intercellular borders are not visible

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24
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Many layers of dead, plate-like keratinocytes with thickened plasma membranes
No nuclei
Filled with mature keratin
Permeability barrier

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25
Q

What layer do the nuclei begin to disintegrate in?

A

The outer layer of the stratum granulosum

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26
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

Stratum basale
Their dendrites go into the spinosum
Attached to basal lamina by hemidesmosomes
No desmosome attachment to keratinocytes

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27
Q

Highest concentration is found where?

A

In the cells that are more deeply localized because those are the cells that divide more rapidly

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28
Q

What has an impact on skin colour

A

Melanin and carotene
Thickness of the epidermis
Number of dermal blood vessels
Color of the blood (hemoglobin) in those vessels

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29
Q

Melanin

A

Brown-black pigment formed in cells called melanocytes

Amount of melanin is based on inheritance

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30
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Molecules found in RBC that gives blood its red coloraton
It is made of non-protein (heme which contains iron)
and the protein (globin)

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31
Q

Carotene

A

Yellowish pigment found in corneum and dermis
Plant pigment that enters the body via foood
Helps yield the yellow and red skin colors

32
Q

Albinism

A

Condition where skin does not produce melanin

33
Q

2 step process of tanning

A
  1. Physiochemical reaction darkens preexisiting melanin and releases it rapidly into the keratinocytes
  2. Higher rate of melanin synthesis by melanocytes, increases the amount of melanin
34
Q

UVB vs UVA

A

UVA penetrates deeper into the dermis and damages dermal components
Promotes skin aging

35
Q

Aging skin has…

A

Thinner epidermis and dermis
Disorganization
Loss of collagen
Reduced vascularization

36
Q

Vitamin D synthesis

A

UVB required to activate 7-dehydrocholesterol in the epidermis to form pre-vitamin D

37
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Star shaped immune cells
Occur mainly in the stratum spinosum
APCs that process and present to the lymphocytes any antigenic material that penetrates the skin’s surface

38
Q

SALT

A

Skin associated lymphoid tissue

39
Q

Merkel cells

A

Few in number
Found in basal layer of epidermis
Form macula adherens junctions with keratinocytes
Cells contain small dense granules similar to neuroendocrine cells
Function thought to be sensory or neuroendocrine in nature

40
Q

Glabrous skin

A

Thick skin

Merkel cell is in close apposition to a plate like nerve ending from a neuron

41
Q

Interpapillary peg

A

Narrow downgrowth of the epidermis

Divides dermal ridge into 2 secondary dermal ridges

42
Q

Dermis

A

Vascular connective tissue
Variable thickness over different regions
Much thicker than the overlying epidermis

43
Q

4 cell types found in the dermis

A

Fibroblasts
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Mast cells

44
Q

3 typical structures found in the dermis

A

Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Hair follicles
Most arise from the epidermis

45
Q

2 dermal layers

A

Papillary layer

Reticular layer

46
Q

Papillary dermal layer

A

Uneven and forms dermal papillae which increases contact area with the epidermis
Composed of loose CT
Mainly collagen type 3
Smally immature elastic fibers
Contains capillary loops and Meissner corpuscles which are fine touch receptors

47
Q

Reticular dermal layer

A

Dense irregular connective tissue
Gives skin overall strength and elasticity
Mainly collagen type 1
Larger elastic fibers
Houses glands and hair follicles
Rich supply of nerves in both free and encapsulated endings
Shunts to control blood flow

48
Q

Arteriovenous anastomoses

A

In reticular dermal layer

Control the amount of blood reaching the papillary capillaries, aiding in regulating heat loos and blood pressure

49
Q

Hypodermis

A 
Subcutaneous layer or fascia
Not a true layer of skin
Links skin to body proper
Variable thickness in different regions of the body
Allows for movement of skin over body
Full of adipocytes
More nerve endings
Contains the lymphatics
50
Q

Hair follicle

A

Invagination of the epidermis extending into the dermis

51
Q

Hair shaft

A

In the center of the follicle
Extends above the surface of the epidermis
Consists of an inner medulla, cortex, and outer cuticle of the hair

52
Q

Hair bulb

A

Terminal expanded region of the hair follicle in which the hair is rooted

53
Q

Internal vs external root sheath

A

Internal: lies deep to the entrance of the sebaceous gland
External: direct continuation of the surrounding malpighan layer of the epidermis

54
Q

Glassy membrane

A

Noncellular layer
Thickening of the basement membrane
Separates the hair follicle from the surrounding dermal sheath

55
Q

4 types of hair

A

Lanugo: neonatal, fine, soft hair with no medulla
Vellus: post-natal, short, fine shaft, no medulla
Intermediate: post natal to 2 years
Terminal: post natal and on, long, course shaft, medullated (pigmentated), most common

56
Q

Nail root

A

Stratum basale and spinosum of epidermis

Forms nail matrix whose cells synthesize the nail plate or body

57
Q

Nail bed

A

Stratum basale and spinosum of nail

Does not contribute to nail synthesis

58
Q

Nail plate

A

Closely compacted, keratin enriched with hard interfibrillar material
Stratum corneum of the nail

59
Q

Eponychium

A

Cuticle

Junction between skin and stratum corneum and base of the nail plate

60
Q

3 glands in the skin

A

Eccrine sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands
Sebaceous glands

61
Q

Mammary gland

A

Modified apocrine sweat glands

Milk producing glands that develop during pregnancy and lactation

62
Q

Functional unit of breast tissue

A

Terminal duct lobular unit

63
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

Encapsulated unmyelinated nerve ending in the dermal papilla of skin
Senses deformation of skin
Rapidly adapting
Throughout skin, but concentrated in areas sensitive to light tough

64
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle

A

Lie deep in the dermis, and hypodermis
Present in some mucous membranes and joints
Mechanoreceptors
Respond to pressure or any kind of mechanical stimulus

65
Q

Contact hypersensitivity

A

Due to allergic reaction to chemical or compound

Hapten specific T cell recognizes the hapten in the skin and causes cell injury = inflammation

66
Q

Psoriasis

A

Chronic, reoccuring skin disease
Produces red, scaly, well defined, patches affecting any part of the skin on your body
Areas in inflammation and excessive skin production

67
Q
  1. Hyperkeratosis

2. Parakeratosis

A
  1. Thickening of the stratum corneum

2. Retained nuclei in the stratum corneum

68
Q

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

A 
Rare genetic disorder
Caused by defective collagen synthesis
Fragile skin
Hyperextensible joints
Can affect organs
69
Q

Bullous pemphigoid

A

Chronic blistering of the skin
Generally in the elderly
Autoimmune disorder
Caused by loss of attachment of basal keratinocytes to the underlying basement membrane
Associated with deposition of immunoreactants at the dermal-epidermal junction

70
Q

Vitiligo

A

Loss of skin colour

Melanocytes are being destroyed or not functioning properly

71
Q

ABCDEs of skin cancer

A 
A: asymmetry
B: border
C: colour
D: diameter
E: evolving
72
Q

Skin cancer is caused/associated with chronic inflammation of the skin from things such as… (3)

A
  1. Sunburn or excessive sun damage, especially early in life (both UVA/B)
  2. Chronic non healing wounds, especially burns
  3. Genetic predisposition, including Congenital Melanocytic Nevi Syndrome
73
Q

3 most common types of skin cancer and where the originate from

A

Basal cell carcinoma: stratum basale keratinocytes
Squamous cell carcinoma: stratume spinosum, squamous keratinocytes
Melanoma: malignant, stratum basale melanocytes

74
Q

Where are most breast cancers from?

A

The ducts

75
Q

Epithelial mesenchymal transition

A

When the breast cancer cells get the ability to invade out of the duct

76
Q

Desmosomes vs Hemidesmosomes

A

D: linker protein is cadherin
H: linker proteins are integrins

Human Organs and Tissues (11 decks)

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