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A&P2 Test 4 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the organs in the urinary system

A
  • kidneys
  • ureter
  • urethra
  • urinary bladder
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2
Q

The _______ gland sits atop the kidneys. Blood vessels enter and leave the kidney at the renal _________.

A
  • adrenal

- hilum

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3
Q

The functional units of the kidneys are the ________. They are called _______ _________ if they are located mainly in the cortex. They are called _________ _________ if they are located in both the cortex and the medulla.

A
  • nephrons
  • cortical nephrons
  • juxtamedullary nephron
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4
Q

Blood enters the kidney through the _________ artery. The artery branches into smaller and smaller arteries and arterioles. Complete the sequence below:

________ arteriole —-> _________ capillaries —–> ________ arteriole —-> _________ capillaries and vasa recta

A
  • renal
  • afferent
  • glomerulus
  • efferent
  • peritubular
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5
Q

Complete the sequence below showing all parts of the nephron:

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule —-> ________ convoluted tubule —-> _____________ —-> _________ convoluted tubule —-> ______________

A
  • proximal
  • loop of henle
  • distal
  • collecting duct
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6
Q

The renal corpuscle consists of two parts: _______ capillaries and the __________.

A
  • glomerulus

- Bowman’s capsule

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7
Q

The filtration membrane consists of ____________ capillary endothelium, porous ________ membrane, and the _______. This filtration membrane permits (large or small) molecules to be filtered.

A
  • fenestrated
  • basement
  • podocytes
  • small
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8
Q

The simple cuboidal cells of the proximal tubule contain numerous microvilli. The microvilli increase the ____________ for reabsorption.

A

-surface area

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9
Q

The thin descending limb of the loop of henle is highly permeable to _____ but not _________.

A
  • water

- ions (salt)

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10
Q

The thick ascending limb of the loop of henle is highly permeable to ________ but not to ______.

A
  • ions (salt)

- water

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11
Q

The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of

________ cells serve as baroreceptors sensitive to blood pressure within the arteriole.

________ cells monitor and respond to changes in the osmolarity of the filtrate in the tubule.

________ cells that can contract and can act as phagocytes.

A
  • JG cells
  • macula densa
  • mesangial
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12
Q

The cortical collecting duct contains two functional types of cells:

_______ cells - hormones regulate their permeability to water and solutes.

_______ cells - secrete hydrogen ions for acid-base regulation.

A
  • principal

- intercalated

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13
Q

What force drives filtration at the glomerulus?

A

hydrostatic pressure of glomerulus

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14
Q

Blood pressure in the glomerulus is about ___ mmHg.

A

55

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15
Q

What two pressures oppose filtration and what are their values?

A
  1. Hydrostatic pressure - 15 mmHg

2. Osmotic Pressure - 30 mmHg

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16
Q

What is the normal net filtration pressure?

A

10 mmHg

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17
Q

In an exercising individual the afferent arteriole will (dilate or constrict) to avoid excess fluid loss.

A

constrict

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18
Q

(True or False)

When the sodium concentration in the filtrate is high, the macula densa cells vasodilate that afferent arteriole.

A

false

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19
Q

If a tumor of the glucocorticoid-secreting cells of the adrenal gland crowds out the cells that produce aldosterone, what is the likely effect on urine composition and volume?

A
  • aldosterone levels decrease
  • sodium in urine increases
  • volume of urine increases because H2O follows sodium
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20
Q

(True or False)

The bicarbonate buffer system is the most important buffer in the intracellular compartment.

A

false

*Extracellular

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21
Q

How would the body compensate for metabolic acidosis?

A

increase in breathing rate

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22
Q

What is not a function of the kidney?

A

vitamin deactivation

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23
Q

Tubular reabsorption ____________.

A

could use secondary transport as a way to transport substances to the blood

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24
Q

(True or False)

Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is higher than in most parts of the body.

A

true

25
Q

Hyperventilation could cause

A

respiratory alkalosis

26
Q

The fluid in the glomerular capsule is similar to the plasma. However, you will not see the presence of

A

erythrocytes

27
Q

(True or False)

The GFR is between 140-155 mL/min

A

false

28
Q

Know the different membranes covering the kidney and the importance for each one.

A
  • Renal capsule: fibrous capsule that prevents kidney infection
  • Adipose capsule: fatty mass that cushions the kidney and helps attach it to the body wall
  • Renal fascia: outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidney
29
Q

Be able to understand the anatomy of the kidney including, calyces, cortex, medulla, renal hilum, renal corpuscle renal pelvis, etc.

A
  • major calyces: large branches of renal pelvis, collect urine draining from papilla, empty urine into the minor calyces and then pelvis
  • minor calyces: branches of major calyces which collect urine formed in the papilla from the medullary pyramids
  • cortex: light colored; superficial region
  • medulla: consists of renal pyramids
  • renal hilum: indentation where blood vessels, lymphatics, ureters, and nerves exits and enter the kidney
  • renal corpuscle: the glomerulus region
  • renal pelvis: middle of kidney
30
Q

Be able to demonstrate knowledge on the flow of blood through a kidney

A

aorta —> renal artery —> segmental artery —> interlobar artery —> arcuate artery —> cortical radiate artery —> afferent arteriole —> glomerulus —> efferent arteriole —> peritubular capillaries or vasa recta —> cortical radiate vein —> arcuate vein —> interlobar vein —> renal vein —> inferior vena cava

31
Q

What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney?

A

the nephron

32
Q

Know the structures that make up the nephron and their histology.

A
  • glomerulus: filters small solutes from the blood
  • PCT: reabsorbs ions, water, and nutrients; removes toxins and adjusts filtrate pH
  • descending LOH: aquaporins allow water to pass from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid
  • ascending LOH: reabsorbs sodium and chloride from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid
  • DCT: selectively secretes and absorb different ions to maintain blood pH and electrolyte balance
  • collecting duct: reabsorbs solutes and water from the filtrate
33
Q

Contrast blood pressure in the glomerulus and other parts of the body. What other structural differences exist between the glomerulus and other body capillaries?

A

Due to arterioles being high-resistance vessels and afferent arterioles having larger diameters than efferent, blood pressure is high.

34
Q

What is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood into the glomerular capsule?

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

35
Q

Explain the differences between blood plasma and renal filtrate and relate the differences to the structure of the filtration membrane.

A

Renal filtrate is a solute-rich fluid without blood cells or plasma proteins because the filtration membrane is permeable to water and all solutes smaller then plasma proteins.

36
Q

What is the filtration membrane and what is it made of?

A
  • filtration membrane: made up of three layers
    1. fenestrated capillary endothelium: capillary pores prevent passage of blood cells
    2. podocytes: restricts all but small proteins
    3. intervening basement membrane: provides no restriction in passage of molecules
37
Q

How much blood is filtrated in one day and how much urine is eliminated from the body in one day?

A
  • 200 liters of blood is filtrated

- anywhere between thirty-two to sixty-four ounces of urine

38
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) responsible for? What cells make part of the JGA and what are their functions?

A

play important role in forming concentrated urine, responsible for reabsorption of organic molecules, vitamins, and water.

  • JG cells: sensing cells blood pressure in the walls of afferent arterioles near the glomerulus
  • Macula densa cells: osmoreceptors responding to changes in solute concentration of filtrate
  • Mesangial cells: these cells in glomerulus of the JGA can contract changing surface area of capillaries available for filtration
39
Q

What is GFR and what is the normal GFR in the kidney? What happens to the reabsorption of substances if GFR is too high or too low?

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate: the total amount of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys; 120 - 125 ml/min

-if too high (higher than 125 ml/min)
needed substances can not be reabsorbed quickly enough and are lost in the urine

-if too low (lower than 120 ml/min)
everything is reabsorbed, including wastes that are normally disposed of

40
Q

Name the two types of nephrons and their percentage.

A

cortical: 85% of nephrons are located in the cortex of the kidney except for small part of loop of henle that dip into outer medulla
juxtamedullary: 15% of nephrons are involved in production of concentrated urine part of the loop henle located at the cortex medullary junction, penetrates into medulla, have extensive thin segments.

41
Q

Study the table we did in class. Reabsorption

A

*LOOK AT BACK OF NOTES

42
Q

What is Tm and what is its importance? What happens to nutrients when the nutrient abundance is higher?

A

a transport maximum (Tm) reported in mg/min:

-reflects the number of carriers available to ferry each particular substance in the renal tubules

43
Q

Define osmolality

A
  • The number of solute particles in 1L of water

- Reflects the solutions ability to cause osmosis

44
Q

What is the purpose of the countercurrent mechanism?

A
  • filtrate flow in the LOH
  • creates and maintains an osmotic gradient in medulla
  • allow the kidneys to vary urine concentration
45
Q

What are the main functions of the ureter, bladder and urethra?

A
  • ureters: transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder ( stratified, transitional epithelium)
  • bladder: provides a temporary storage reservoir for urine (transitional epithelium)
  • urethra: transports urine from the bladder out of the body (stratified columnar epithelium)
46
Q

How does the urinary bladder anatomy support its storage function?

A
  • the bladder has three layers of smooth muscle and a transitional epithelium
  • the mucosa is heavily folded, this helps to accomodate for large volume changes
  • the transitional epithelial lining can stretch until it looks like stratified squamous epithelium
47
Q

Define micturition. What can trigger the initiation of micturition?

A

The act of emptying the bladder

Parasympathetic

  • contraction of detrusor muscle
  • relaxation of internal urethral sphincter

Motor neurons - inhibited

  • skeletal muscle - relaxed
  • external urethral sphincter opens
48
Q

Be able to discuss characteristics of urine.

A

color and transparency

  • clear, pale to deep yellow
  • concentrated urine has a deeper yellow color
  • drugs, vitamin supplements, and diet can change the color of urine
  • cloudy urine may indicate infection of the urinary tract

odor

  • fresh urine is slightly aromatic
  • standing urine develops an ammonia odor
  • diabetes mellitus makes urine smell fruity

slightly acidic (pH 6) with a range of 4.5 to 8.0

specific gravity ranges from 1.001 to 1.035

urine is 95% water and 5% solutes

nitrogenous wastes: urea, uric acid, and creatinine

49
Q

Freshly voided urine has very little smell, but shortly after voiding it can take a very strong smell. Why?

A

standing urine develops an ammonia odor

50
Q

What are the sources of gain or loss of water?

A
  • gain: ingestion, ingested food, and metabolism

- loss: urine, perspiration, lungs, and GI

51
Q

Name the body fluid compartments, noting their location and the approximate fluid volume in each.

A

-intracellular fluid (ICF):
2/3 by volume contained in cells

-extracellular fluid (ECF):
1/3 by volume

plasma- the fluid portion of the blood
interstitial fluid- fluid in spaces between cells

52
Q

How is the movement among compartments regulated?

A

osmotic and hydrostatic pressures

53
Q

What situations could trigger thirst?

A
  • plasma volume 10%-15%
  • plasma osmolality 1%-2%
  • moistened mucosa of mouth/throat
  • activation of stomach/intestinal
  • dry mouth
54
Q

Why are salts important in your body?

A
  • controlling fluid movements

- membrane permeability

55
Q

What two main organs are involved in the buffer systems?

A
  • lungs

- kidneys

56
Q

Which ion is linked blood pressure?

A

sodium

57
Q

What is major homeostatic challenge of the acid-base balance? Or what could your body control to maintain the proper pH of the body fluids?

A
  • keeping hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of body fluids

- Blood and other fluids, lungs, and kidneys

58
Q

What is the most important blood buffer system?

A

protein buffer system

59
Q

Name the sources of hydrogen ions.

A
  • aerobic respiration of glucose release: carbonic acid
  • anaerobic respiration of glucose produces: lactic acid
  • oxidation of sulfur-containing amino acids: sulfuric acid
  • incomplete oxidation of fatty acids yield: acidic ketone bodies
  • hydrolysis of phosphoproteins and nucleic acids releases: phosphoric acids into ECF
  • transporting carbon dioxide as bicarbonate: releases hydrogen ions

A&P2 Test 4 (3 decks)

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