Cumulative questions

Question 1

What are the major functions of RBC, WBC, and platelets?

Answer 1

RBC:

• erythrocytes
• transport hemoglobin
• gas transport

WBC:

• leukocytes
• fight infection

Platelets:

• thrombocytes
• clot formation

Question 2

What hormone is involved with the RBC production?

Answer 2

• Erythropoietin (EPO)

- mainly kidneys but liver produces some

Question 3

Review the ABO/Rh system

Answer 3

*BLOOD TYPES

Question 4

Relationship between blood pressure and blood volume.

Answer 4

• an increase in blood pressure is caused by increase in blood volume
• if one increases the other also increases

Question 5

Relationship between the anatomy and function of capillaries.

Answer 5

• smallest blood vessel
• deliver nutrients and oxygen

continous capillaries:
-most common and least permeable

fenestrated capillaries:
-small pores in plasma membrane and more permeable

sinusoid capillaries:
-most permeable but least abundant

Question 6

Relationship between blood pressure and vasoconstriction/vasodilation

Answer 6

• force exerted by blood against the blood vessel wall
  vasoconstriction: the smaller the lumen, the greater the resistance, and the higher the blood pressure
  vasodilation: the larger the lumen, the lower the resistance, and the lower the blood pressure

Question 7

What is the cardiac output? What is the normal value?

Answer 7

cardiac output: amount of blood pumped through each ventricle in one minute

CO=HRxSV

Heart rate (HR)- 75beats/min
Stroke volume- 70 ml/beat

Question 8

Review ECG

Answer 8

P wave: SA node, depolarization of atria

QRS wave: AV node, ventricular depolarization

T wave: ventricle repolarization

P-Q interval: time action potential traveled through atria

S-T segment: ventricle plateau phase

Q-T interval: time for ventricular depolarization to end of repolarization

Question 9

What is the importance of sodium, calcium, and potassium on the heart contraction?

Answer 9

sodium: initiates the action potential and triggering contractions of the cardiac muscle fibers
calcium: required for cardiac muscle to contract and squeeze blood out of the heart and into the arteries
potassium: needed for voltage gated potassium channels to work in the outer membrane of cardiac muscle cells

Question 10

Know the functions of inflammation

Answer 10

• prevents the spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues
• dispose of cell debris and pathogens
• sets the stage for repair processes

Question 11

What do complement proteins do?

Answer 11

• amplifies all aspects of inflammatory response
• kills bacteria and certain other cell types
• used in 3rd line of defense

Question 12

Which T cell has MHC I? Which cells have II?

Answer 12

MHC I: virtually all body cells

MHC II: found on certain cells in the immune response…. B cells, T cells, and antigen presenting cells

Question 13

Which is the most important immune cell?

Answer 13

dentritic cells

Question 14

Which cell produce surfactant?

Answer 14

type II cells

Question 15

Is the air reaching the lungs purified, warmed, and saturated with water vapor?

Answer 15

yes

Question 16

Name the functions of the kidney.

Answer 16

• regulate volume and chemical makeup of the blood
• maintain the proper balance between water, salts, acids, and bases
• production of renin
• production of erytheopoetin
• activation of vitamin D

Question 17

What is the normal GFR range?

Answer 17

120-125 ml/min

Question 18

Name the mechanisms used to regulate the GFR?

Answer 18

• renal autoregulation
• neural controls
• hormonal mechanism

Question 19

Why isnt glucose found in the urine?

Answer 19

-it is reabsorbed back into the blood

Question 20

Review the functions of ADH, where is it produced, and which gland releases it.

Answer 20

function- regulate water reabsorption by negative feedback

produced- hypothalamus

released- posterior pituitary

Question 21

Which substances should be found in the urine?

Answer 21

• uric acid
• urea
• creatinine

Question 22

Why is the digestive system important?

Answer 22

convert food into nutrients for the body and then into waste products for release out of the body

Question 23

What is the function of the bile and pancreatic juice?

Answer 23

bile- emulsify fat

pancreatic juice- neutralizes acid chyme

Question 24

Which ion makes possible the absorption of amino acids in the small intestine?

Answer 24

sodium

Question 25

Which types of epithelium is found in the different organs of the digestive system?

Answer 25

• oral: stratified squamous
• esophagus: stratified squamous
• stomach: simple columnar
• small intestine: simple columnar
• large intestine: simple columnar
• anal mucosal: stratified mucosa

Question 26

What is the function of HCL in the stomach?

Answer 26

activate and provide optimal activity of pepsin