Cumulative questions Flashcards
What are the major functions of RBC, WBC, and platelets?
RBC:
- erythrocytes
- transport hemoglobin
- gas transport
WBC:
- leukocytes
- fight infection
Platelets:
- thrombocytes
- clot formation
What hormone is involved with the RBC production?
- Erythropoietin (EPO)
- mainly kidneys but liver produces some
Review the ABO/Rh system
*BLOOD TYPES
Relationship between blood pressure and blood volume.
- an increase in blood pressure is caused by increase in blood volume
- if one increases the other also increases
Relationship between the anatomy and function of capillaries.
- smallest blood vessel
- deliver nutrients and oxygen
continous capillaries:
-most common and least permeable
fenestrated capillaries:
-small pores in plasma membrane and more permeable
sinusoid capillaries:
-most permeable but least abundant
Relationship between blood pressure and vasoconstriction/vasodilation
- force exerted by blood against the blood vessel wall
vasoconstriction: the smaller the lumen, the greater the resistance, and the higher the blood pressure
vasodilation: the larger the lumen, the lower the resistance, and the lower the blood pressure
What is the cardiac output? What is the normal value?
cardiac output: amount of blood pumped through each ventricle in one minute
CO=HRxSV
Heart rate (HR)- 75beats/min Stroke volume- 70 ml/beat
Review ECG
P wave: SA node, depolarization of atria
QRS wave: AV node, ventricular depolarization
T wave: ventricle repolarization
P-Q interval: time action potential traveled through atria
S-T segment: ventricle plateau phase
Q-T interval: time for ventricular depolarization to end of repolarization
What is the importance of sodium, calcium, and potassium on the heart contraction?
sodium: initiates the action potential and triggering contractions of the cardiac muscle fibers
calcium: required for cardiac muscle to contract and squeeze blood out of the heart and into the arteries
potassium: needed for voltage gated potassium channels to work in the outer membrane of cardiac muscle cells
Know the functions of inflammation
- prevents the spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues
- dispose of cell debris and pathogens
- sets the stage for repair processes
What do complement proteins do?
- amplifies all aspects of inflammatory response
- kills bacteria and certain other cell types
- used in 3rd line of defense
Which T cell has MHC I? Which cells have II?
MHC I: virtually all body cells
MHC II: found on certain cells in the immune response…. B cells, T cells, and antigen presenting cells
Which is the most important immune cell?
dentritic cells
Which cell produce surfactant?
type II cells
Is the air reaching the lungs purified, warmed, and saturated with water vapor?
yes
Name the functions of the kidney.
- regulate volume and chemical makeup of the blood
- maintain the proper balance between water, salts, acids, and bases
- production of renin
- production of erytheopoetin
- activation of vitamin D
What is the normal GFR range?
120-125 ml/min
Name the mechanisms used to regulate the GFR?
- renal autoregulation
- neural controls
- hormonal mechanism
Why isnt glucose found in the urine?
-it is reabsorbed back into the blood
Review the functions of ADH, where is it produced, and which gland releases it.
function- regulate water reabsorption by negative feedback
produced- hypothalamus
released- posterior pituitary
Which substances should be found in the urine?
- uric acid
- urea
- creatinine
Why is the digestive system important?
convert food into nutrients for the body and then into waste products for release out of the body
What is the function of the bile and pancreatic juice?
bile- emulsify fat
pancreatic juice- neutralizes acid chyme
Which ion makes possible the absorption of amino acids in the small intestine?
sodium
Which types of epithelium is found in the different organs of the digestive system?
- oral: stratified squamous
- esophagus: stratified squamous
- stomach: simple columnar
- small intestine: simple columnar
- large intestine: simple columnar
- anal mucosal: stratified mucosa
What is the function of HCL in the stomach?
activate and provide optimal activity of pepsin
