Urinary System

Question 1

What are the components of the urinary system?

Answer 1

Paired kidneys, paired ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

Question 2

What are medullary rays?

Answer 2

Straight tubules in the cortex, some of which are continuous with collecting tubules of the medulla; originate in cortex and project down into the medulla

Question 3

What kidney cells secrete erythropoietin? Which release renin?

Answer 3

Interstitial fibroblasts; juxtaglomerular cells

Question 4

What is the outer region of the kidney between the capsule and medulla?

Answer 4

Cortex

Question 5

What composes the kidney capsule?

Answer 5

Outer layer of collagen and fibroblasts and inner layer of myofibroblasts

Question 6

What is the area of kidney where vessels enter and exit the kidney

Answer 6

Hilum

Question 7

What part of the kidney contains nephrons?

Answer 7

Medullary pyramids

Question 8

What forms an arch around pyramids and form a border between the outer cortex and medulla?

Answer 8

Arcuate vessels

Question 9

What is the path of urine out of the kidney?

Answer 9

Pyramids-> minor calyx -> major calyx-> renal pelvis-> ureter

Question 10

What structures are located in the cortex portion of the lobules?

Answer 10

Glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, part of straight tubules

Question 11

What are cortical labyrinths?

Answer 11

Glomeruli and convoluted tubules located between medullary rays

Question 12

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 12

Kidney lobule

Question 13

What is the structure of a kidney lobule?

Answer 13

A single medullary ray at the center and half of the adjacent cortical labyrinth on each side

Question 14

What structures are located within the medulla of the kidney lobule?

Answer 14

Ascending and descending limbs of loop of Henle, papillary duct, and renal papilla

Question 15

What opens into the minor calyx at the renal papilla?

Answer 15

Papillary duct of Bellini

Question 16

What are the two types of nephrons and where can they be found? Which has longer loops of Henle?

Answer 16

Juxtamedullary nephrons (close to medulla) and Mid-cortical nephrons (further from medulla); Juxtamedullary nephrons have longer loops of Henle

Question 17

How is the kidney medulla subdivided?

Answer 17

Outer medulla (consisting of an outer and inner stripe) and inner medulla

Question 18

What are the components of the nephron?

Answer 18

Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, proximal straight tubule, descending thin limb, ascending thin limb, macula densa, distal convoluted tubule, connecting tubule, cortical collecting duct, outer medullary collecting duct, inner medullary collecting duct

Question 19

What is the point at which the ascending limb interacts with the renal corpuscle?

Answer 19

Macula densa

Question 20

What makes Bowman’s capsule? What is the space in between the layers?

Answer 20

Visceral epithelium layer (w/ podocytes) and a parietal cuboidal epithelium; Bowman’s space

Question 21

What is ultrafiltrate?

Answer 21

Initially formed urine that is filtered into bowman’s space

Question 22

What are the two sides of the renal corpuscle?

Answer 22

The vascular pole and the urinary pole

Question 23

True or False: The basal lamina of the glomerular capillaries is continuous with the basal lamina of the proximal tubule.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

What are the projections seen on podocytes?

Answer 24

Pedicels

Question 25

What kind of capillaries are glomerular capillaries?

Answer 25

Fenestrated

Question 26

What are the components of the glomerulus filtration barrier?

Answer 26

Podocyte pedicels, capillary endothelium, and glomerular basement membrane

Question 27

What are the layers of the glomerular basement membrane?

Answer 27

Lamina rara externa, lamina densa, lamina rara interna

Question 28

What are the functions of mesangial cells?

Answer 28

Mechanical support, control blood flow, control GBM material turnover, secrete vasoactive substances, respond to angiotensin II

Question 29

What membrane specializations are present in the proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 29

Microvilli and primary cilia

Question 30

What are plicae?

Answer 30

Extensive lateral infoldings on the lateral borders on the cuboidal epithelium that allows the cells to interdigitate

Question 31

Approximately how much filtrate is reabsorbed by the distal tubules?

Answer 31

~7%

Question 32

How does the structure of the distal tubule compare to the proximal tubule?

Answer 32

There are interdigitations between cells, more basal infoldings, very little and shorter microvilli

Question 33

What cells types are included in the medullary collecting ducts?

Answer 33

Intercalated cells and prinicpal cells

Question 34

What is the function of papillary collecting ducts?

Answer 34

Osmotic equilibrating devices