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Histology Block 4 > Lymphatics > Flashcards

Lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Fluid balance and return of leaked proteins to blood, immune protection, absorption of fats from the small intestines

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2
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs? What makes a tissue a primary lymphoid organ?

A

Bone marrow and thymus- sites where lymphocytes are produced and mature

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3
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs? What makes a tissue a secondary lymphoid organ?

A

Lymph nodes and spleen- sites where lymphocytes come in contact with antigen/pathogen, become activated, and proliferative

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4
Q

What is diffuse lymphatic tissue? What is an example?

A

Lymphatic tissue not surrounded by a capsule; MALT

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5
Q

How are antigens and immune cells carried to secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Carried in lymph via lymphatic vessels

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6
Q

What are the major sites of removal of aged and defective RBCs?

A

Marrow, Spleen, and Liver

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7
Q

What is the site of B lymphocyte differentiation/ maturation?

A

Bone marrow

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8
Q

What is the site of T lymphocyte maturation?

A

Thymus

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9
Q

What is the main function of the thymus?

A

Induction of central tolerance

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10
Q

At what point in development does thymic involution begins? What happens in this process?

A

Around puberty– thymus decreases greatly in size and is replaced largely with adipose

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11
Q

How do lymphatics contribute to the absorption of fats from the small intestines?

A

Lacteals

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12
Q

What is the physical structure of the thymus?

A

Bilobed, lobulated, surrounded by a capsule with short interlobular trabeculae- each lobule has a cortex and a medulla

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13
Q

What cells types can be found within the thymic cortex?

A

Thymocytes, macrophages, and epithelioreticular cells (I-VI)

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14
Q

True or False: Reticular cells can be found within the thymus

A

False

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15
Q

What forms the framework for thymocytes?

A

Epithelioreticular cells

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16
Q

What protects developing lymphocytes from unwanted exposure to antigens?

A

Blood-thymus barrier

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17
Q

What composes the blood-thymus barrier? Where is it located?

A

Capillary wall (endothelium, basal lamina, pericytes), macrophages in perivascular CT, Epithelioreticular cells; Located in the thymic cortex

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18
Q

What are Hassall’s corpuscles?

A

Keratinized Type VI epithelioreticular cells, and are a distinguishing feature of the thymic medulla

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19
Q

How do mature T cells exit the thymus?

A

Medullary venules or efferent lymphatics

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20
Q

True or False: There are no afferent lymphatic vessels entering the thymus?

A

True

21
Q

What are the supporting elements of the lymph node?

A

Capsule, Trabeculae, Reticular tissue

22
Q

What are the major three regions of a lymph node? What is occurring at each?

A

Cortex- receiving lymph from afferent lymphatics, Paracortex- where most lymphocytes enter via high endothelial venules, and Medulla- contains sinuses converging at the efferent lymphatic vessels

23
Q

Where in the lymph nodes are lymphoid follicles located? What is the predominant cell type within the follicle?

A

Cortex- B cells

24
Q

What are the majority of the cells within the paracortex?

A

T cells

25
Q

What are germinal centers?

A

Areas of lymphocyte proliferation within secondary lymphoid follicles

26
Q

True or False: Primary follicles do not contain a germinal center?

A

False

27
Q

From where do most lymphocytes enter into lymph nodes?

A

High endothelial venules in the paracortex

28
Q

What sort of endothelium is contained in high endothelial venules?

A

Usually cuboidal endothelium

29
Q

What is contained within the lymph node medulla? What is each?

A

Medullary cords- cord-like masses of lymphoid tissue, and Medullary sinuses- lymphatic sinuses which converge and empty into efferent lymphatic vessels

30
Q

What forms the subcapsular sinus?

A

Afferent lymphatic vessels that pierce the capsule

31
Q

What is the path of lymph through the lymph node?

A

Through afferent lymphativ vessels-> subcapsular sinus-> sinuse in the cortex and paracortex toward medullary sinuses–> medullary sinuses-> converge at hilum-> efferent lymphatic vessels

32
Q

What is the largest lymphoid organ?

A

Spleen

33
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A

Blood filter recycling old or defective RBCs, helps mount immune responses to blood-borne pathogens, hematopoiesis in fetus and some diseases

34
Q

What is the difference in red vs. white pulp of the spleen?

A

White pulp consists of lymphoid aggregations and acts to initiate immune responses to blood-borne pathogens; Red pulp contain RBCs, consists of splenic cords and splenic sinuses, and acts as a blood filter

35
Q

Describe the blood supply to the spleen

A

Branches of the splenic a. run through the capsule and trabeculae (trabecular aa.), these arteriesenter white pulp (central arterioles)

36
Q

What is the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath?

A

A cylindrical cuff of lymphocytes (mostly T) that surround central arterioles of the white pulp

37
Q

What forms lymphoid nodules within the spleen?

A

Localized expansions of B cells from the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath

38
Q

What are splenic cords?

A

Composed of reticular tissue fibers and cells located between splenic sinuses

39
Q

What are stave cells?

A

Specialized elongated endothelial cells that line splenic sinuses

40
Q

Central arterioles of white pulp branch into what vessels?

A

Penicilar arterioles and then into sheathed capillaries

41
Q

How does the spleen act as a blood filter?

A

In the red pulp, viable blood cells reenter the vasculature by passing through narrow slits between the stave cells into the sinusoids, but senescent or damaged RBCs are blocked from passing and are removed by macrophages

42
Q

What is MALT, GALT, BALT?

A

Mucosa-associated-, Gut-associated-, and bronchial-associated- lymphoid tissue

43
Q

True or False: The tonsils are completely encapsulated.

A

False

44
Q

What are the masses of lymphoid tissue between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds? What type of epithelium covers them?

A

Palatine tonsils; Stratified squamous epithelium

45
Q

What type of epithelium is on the pharyngeal tonsils?

A

Pseduostratified cilitated columnar epithelium

46
Q

What kind of epithelium is on the lingual tonsils?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

47
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A

Clusters of lymphoid nodules in the ileum

48
Q

What acts as a safe-house, to re-stock the intestinal tract with normal flora following infections?

A

Vermiform appendix

49
Q

True or False: The Vermiform appendix contains multiple lymphoid nodules.

A

True

Histology Block 4 (2 decks)

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