Urinary System Flashcards
What are the major functions of the kidneys?
- regulation of blood ions
- regulation of blood pH
- regulation of blood volume (water content)
- regulation of blood pressure
- maintenance of blood osmolarity
- production of hormones
- regulation of blood glucose levels
- excretion of wastes and foreign substances
What blood ions are regulated by the kidneys?
Ca, Na, K, Cl, HPO42
-primary is Ca.
What is the normal pH level of the blood?
7.35 - 7.45
How do the kidney’s regulate blood pressure?
the kidneys secrete Renin as part of the RAA system increasing blood pressure
What is the primary hormone in shock reduction?
Renin
What are the 2 main hormones the kidneys produce?
calcitriol and erythropoietin
What are the three external layers of the kidney?
- renal capsule
- adipose capsule
- renal fascia
Are the kidneys innervated by the PANS or the SANS?
the SANS (sympathetic autonomic nervous system)
How does the sympathetic nervous system regulate the renal arteries?
by causing vasodilation and vasoconstriction
What is the functional portion of the kidneys?
the nephrons
approximately how many nephrons/kidney?
1 million
Can you replace damaged or dead nephrons?
no
How much can one kidney take over if the other fails?
1 kidney is able to filter up to 80% of the rate of 2 kidneys
What kind of cells line the glomerular capsule?
simple squamous epithelium
What are the layers of the glomerulus?
the parietal layer and the visceral layer
What is the space between the parietal and visceral layer of the glomerulus called?
the capsular space
What is the renal tubule?
passageway for filtered fluid that runs from the glomerulus to the collecting ducts
What are the parts of the renal tubule?
- proximal convoluted tubule
- the loop of henle
- distal convoluted tubule
What are the two types of nephron loops?
- cortical nephrons
- JG nephrons
Define macula densa
densely compacted columnar cells in the ascending tubule cells
What are JG cells?
juxta-glomerular cells - smooth muscle fibers in the afferent arteriole
What is the juxta-glomerular apparatus?
a combination of the macula densa cells and JG cells; together they help regulate blood pressure in the kidneys
What are the two types of cells in the DCT and the collecting duct?
principal cells and intercalated cells
What is the purpose of principal cells?
they have receptors for ADH and aldosterone