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A&P > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. regulation of blood ions
  2. regulation of blood pH
  3. regulation of blood volume (water content)
  4. regulation of blood pressure
  5. maintenance of blood osmolarity
  6. production of hormones
  7. regulation of blood glucose levels
  8. excretion of wastes and foreign substances
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2
Q

What blood ions are regulated by the kidneys?

A

Ca, Na, K, Cl, HPO42

-primary is Ca.

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3
Q

What is the normal pH level of the blood?

A

7.35 - 7.45

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4
Q

How do the kidney’s regulate blood pressure?

A

the kidneys secrete Renin as part of the RAA system increasing blood pressure

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5
Q

What is the primary hormone in shock reduction?

A

Renin

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6
Q

What are the 2 main hormones the kidneys produce?

A

calcitriol and erythropoietin

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7
Q

What are the three external layers of the kidney?

A
  1. renal capsule
  2. adipose capsule
  3. renal fascia
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8
Q

Are the kidneys innervated by the PANS or the SANS?

A

the SANS (sympathetic autonomic nervous system)

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9
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system regulate the renal arteries?

A

by causing vasodilation and vasoconstriction

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10
Q

What is the functional portion of the kidneys?

A

the nephrons

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11
Q

approximately how many nephrons/kidney?

A

1 million

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12
Q

Can you replace damaged or dead nephrons?

A

no

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13
Q

How much can one kidney take over if the other fails?

A

1 kidney is able to filter up to 80% of the rate of 2 kidneys

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14
Q

What kind of cells line the glomerular capsule?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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15
Q

What are the layers of the glomerulus?

A

the parietal layer and the visceral layer

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16
Q

What is the space between the parietal and visceral layer of the glomerulus called?

A

the capsular space

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17
Q

What is the renal tubule?

A

passageway for filtered fluid that runs from the glomerulus to the collecting ducts

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18
Q

What are the parts of the renal tubule?

A
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • the loop of henle
  • distal convoluted tubule
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19
Q

What are the two types of nephron loops?

A
  • cortical nephrons

- JG nephrons

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20
Q

Define macula densa

A

densely compacted columnar cells in the ascending tubule cells

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21
Q

What are JG cells?

A

juxta-glomerular cells - smooth muscle fibers in the afferent arteriole

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22
Q

What is the juxta-glomerular apparatus?

A

a combination of the macula densa cells and JG cells; together they help regulate blood pressure in the kidneys

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23
Q

What are the two types of cells in the DCT and the collecting duct?

A

principal cells and intercalated cells

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24
Q

What is the purpose of principal cells?

A

they have receptors for ADH and aldosterone

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25
Q

What is the purpose of intercalated cells?

A

to provide homeostatic regulation of pH

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26
Q

What type of cells are in the renale tubule?

A

all cells in the renal tubule are simple cuboidal except in the descending limb and thin ascending limb are simple squamous cells

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27
Q

What is the flow through the nephron?

A

glomerular capsule - PCT - descending loop of Henle - ascending loop of Henle - DCT - collecting duct

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28
Q

What are the 3 layers of the ureters?

A
  1. mucosa - mostly transitional epithelium which allows lots of stretch
  2. musclaris - 2 layers of smooth muscle
  3. adventita - helps anchor the ureters to the wall of the peritoneum
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29
Q

Which part of the nervous system causes micturition?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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30
Q

What is the blood flow through the kidneys starting at the aorta?

A

aorta - renal artery - segmental artery - interlobar artery - arcuate artery - cortical radiate artery - afferent arteriole - Glomerulus (capillaries) - efferent arteriole and vasa recta - peritubular capillaries - cortical radiate vein - arcuate vein - interlobar vein - renal vein - IVC

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31
Q

How is Renin a part of a negative feedback loop?

A

renin stops once aldosterone finishes its job because homeostasis is achieved.

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32
Q

What establishes the osmolarity gradient in the nephron?

A

the dilution - concentration - dilution of the loop of Henle

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33
Q

What is the hallmark of the PCT?

A

reabsorption

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34
Q

What is the hallmark of the LOH?

A

osmotic gradient

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35
Q

What is the hallmark of the DCT?

A

reabsorption with restrictions.

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36
Q

Which part of the nephron system responds to hormones?

A

the DCT only.

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37
Q

Where is the max H2O reabsorption in the nephron system?

A

in the DCT

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38
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the renal system?

A
  1. glomerular filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. tubular secretion
39
Q

Define Glomerular filtrate

A

the fluid that enters the capsular space; approx 150-180 liters/day

40
Q

How much the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed?

A

99%

41
Q

Define filtration fraction

A

the fraction of blood plasma that becomes the glomerular filtrate

42
Q

What does the filtration membrane do?

A

permits the filtration of water and small solutes but NOT plasma proteins, blood cells and platelets

43
Q

What is the filtration membrane made of?

A
  1. glomerular endothelial cells - contains large fenestrations that don’t allow passage of blood cells and platelets
  2. basal lamina - part of the basement membrane that prevents filtration of large negative proteins
  3. filtration slits - formed by podocytes’ projects caled pedicles; prevents passage of medium-sized proteins
44
Q

What is the purpose of the net filtration pressure?

A

dictates how much will move in which direction

45
Q

What does the NFP depend on?

A
  1. GBHP - glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure promotes filtration
  2. CHP - capsular hydrostatic pressure - opposes filtration
  3. BCOP - blood colloid osmotic pressure - opposes filtration
46
Q

What is the formula for NFP?

A

NFP = GBHP - CHP - BCOP
=55-15-30
=10mmHg under normal circumstances

47
Q

When will filtration stop?

A

if the GBHP drops below 45 mmHg because the opposing pressures equal 45 mmHg

48
Q

What controls the GFR?

A
  1. renal autoregulation
  2. neural regulation
  3. hormonal regulation
49
Q

What is renal autoregulation?

A
  • myogenic mechanism (faster) - stretch receptors in afferent arterioles will respond to increase or decrease of blood pressure
  • tubuloglomerular feedback (slower) - macula densa cells (of JGA) detect increase flow of Na, Cl an dwater and could inhibit release of NO (nitric oxide which is a vasodilator)
50
Q

What is neural regulation?

A

sympathetic ANS fibers release norepinephrine to cause vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles during fight or flight

51
Q

What is hormonal regulation?

A
  • AG II (angiotensin II) - a vasoconstrictor that narrow afferent and efferent arterioles which lowers GFR
  • ANP (atrial naturetic peptide) - secreted by heart cells; blood is atria stretches walls causing secretion of ANP which relaxes mesangial cells in glomerulus; this increase the surface area of glomerulus and increases GFR
52
Q

What does ANP do?

A

gets rid of sodium and water

53
Q

What is reabsorption in terms of the kidneys?

A

the return of most of the filtered water and many of the filtered solutes to the bloodstream

54
Q

What is secretion in terms of the kidneys?

A

the transfer of materials from the blood and tubule cells into the glomerular filtrate

55
Q

What are the 2 important outcomes of secretion?

A
  1. H+ secretion controls blood pH

2. it eliminates substances from the body

56
Q

Define primary active transport

A

moves solute across membrane with a pump using ATP

ie. NA+/K+ pump

57
Q

Define secondary active transport

A

an electrochemical gradient causes the movement of 2 ions across membrance; one ion movies with its gradient and one moves against its gradient

58
Q

What is obligatory water reabsorption?

A

the fact that solute reabsorption drives water reabsorption via osmosis

59
Q

Where does osmosis occur in the nephron?

A

in the PCT and the descending LOH

60
Q

What is facultative water reabsorption?

A

the remaining 10% of water being reabsorbed.

61
Q

Where is the majority of HCO3- reabsorped?

A

in the PCT

62
Q

What is reabsorbed in the PCT?

A
  • most of water, Na+ and K+ is reabsorbed
  • also absorbs Cl-, Mg2+, Ca2+, HPO42-
  • 80% of bicarbonate buffer
  • all glucose and amino acids
63
Q

What is secreted in the PCT?

A
  • H+ is released into the lumen via Na+/K+ antiporters

- urea, NH3, and NH4

64
Q

What is NH3?

A

amonia

65
Q

What is NH4?

A

amonium

66
Q

What reabsorption is happening in the LOH?

A
  • 15% water in descending limb only
  • little to no reabsorption of water in ascending limb
  • 20-30% sodium and potassium in descending
  • 35% of Cl- in descending
  • some HCO2-, Ca2+ and Mg2+
67
Q

What secretion is happening in the LOH?

A

variable to none

68
Q

What reabsorption is happening in the early DCT?

A

-10-15% remaining water via osmosis
-5% of Na+ and Cl-
-PTH acts here to reabsorb Ca2+
(Ca2+ is the primary one to note)

69
Q

What secretion in happening in the early DCT?

A

none

70
Q

What reabsorption is happening in the late DCT?

A
  • principal cells reabsorb Na+ and water

- intercalated cells reabsorb K+ and HCO3-

71
Q

What secretion is happening in the late DCT?

A
  • principal cells secrete K+ (because we are reabsorbing Na+)
  • intercalated cells secrete H+
72
Q

What are the hormones that affect the extent of Na+, Cl-, Ca2+ and water reabsorption and H+ secretion in the kidneys?

A
  1. RAA - renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
  2. ADH - antidiuretic hormone
  3. ANP - atrial naturetic peptide
  4. PTH - parathyroid hormone
73
Q

Why is RAA released?

A

due to a shock response (low BP and volume)

74
Q

What does RAA do?

A
  • decrease GFR via vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles
  • increases reabsorption of Na+, Cl- and water via Na/K pumps in PCT
  • stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone with acts on principal cells to reabsorb more Na+, Cl-, water and secrete more K+
75
Q

What does ADH do?

A

acts of principal cells to reabsorb more water via the formation of aquaporins.

76
Q

What does low ADH do?

A

water goes into the urine so it dilutes urine

77
Q

What does high ADH do?

A

water goes into the blood so it concentrates urine

78
Q

Why is ADH released?

A

in response to low blood volume

79
Q

Why is ANP released?

A

in response to high blood volume

80
Q

What does ANP do?

A

inhibits reabsorption of Na+ and water as well as suppresses secretion of ADH and aldosterone

81
Q

Why is PTH released?

A

in response to low levels of blood Ca2+

82
Q

What does PTH target?

A

the DCT

83
Q

What does PTH do?

A

increases reabsorption of Ca2+

84
Q

When will you have dilute urine?

A

in the absence of ADH. the renal tubules will absorb more solutes than water

85
Q

When will you have concentrated urine?

A

in the presence or excess of ADH. large amounts of water are reabsorbed from the tubular fluid into the interstitial fluid which increases solute concentration of the urine

86
Q

What are the count current mechanisms?

A
  1. countercurrent multiplier

2. countercurrent exchange

87
Q

What is the counter current multiplier?

A

the ascending and descending LOH establishes the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla which helps establish the osmotic gradient

88
Q

What is the counter current exchange?

A

the process by which solutes and water are passively exchanged between the blood of the vasa recta and interstitial fluid of the renal medulla s a result of countercurrent flow. this helps maintain the osmotic gradient.

89
Q

What do the kidneys develop from?

A

the intermediate mesoderm

90
Q

What is the sequence the kidneys follow when developing?

A
  1. pronephros
  2. mesonephros
  3. metanephros
91
Q

What happens to the kidneys with age?

A
  • shrink in size
  • have a decreased blood flow
  • filter less blood
92
Q

What two hormones contribute to regulation of GFR?

A
  • angiotensin II - reduces GFR

- ANP - increases GFR

93
Q

What is the myogenic mechanism?

A

occurs when stretching triggers contraction of smooth muscle cells in the walls of afferent arterioles.

A&P (5 decks)

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