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Organ Histo Exam 2 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

what composes nephrons

A
  • renal corpuscle
  • PCT
  • loop of Henle
  • DCT
  • connecting tubule
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2
Q

what are the organs of the urinary system

A
  1. kidneys - 2
  2. ureters - 2
  3. urinary bladder - 1
  4. urethra - 1
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3
Q

what are the layers of renal corpuscle (bowman’s capsule)

A

parietal-simple squamous
visceral - podocytes , pedicels
(urinary space between the two layers, receives filtered fluid from the capillaries)

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4
Q

what are the general functions of the urinary system

A
  1. regulate water and electrolyte balance
  2. excretion of nitrogenous wastes, water and electrolytes
  3. excretion of some other materials like drugs
  4. secrete renin
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5
Q

Describe the structure of the kidneys

A
  • capsule - thin and fibrous made of dense irregular CT
  • hilum-concave and medial- nerves in, ureters exit; blood and lymph enter and exit
  • renal pelvis-widening of the ureter
  • major calyces- broad spaces within kidney to collect urine and direct to renal pelvis, 2-3/kidney
  • minor calyces - smaller collecting areas from each major calyx, contain renal papilla-tip of each renal pyramid
  • renal sinus - area surrounding renal pelvis, major calyces and minor calyces containing adipose
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6
Q

what are the two general regions of parenchyma within the kidney

A
  1. cortex - contains renal corpuscles, tubules, medullary rays extending from medulla into cortex, contains primarily portions of the loop of Henle and collecting tubules
  2. medulla - contains renal pyramids (8-12/kidney), renal columns (area separating the renal pyramids)
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7
Q

what are podocytes

A

modified epithelial cells containing pedicels

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8
Q

what are pedicels

A

secondary podocyte cell processes covering the glomelular capillaries creating filtration slits

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9
Q

what are mesangial cells

A

special cells found within the renal corpuscles thought to replace regular CT cells many are pericyte like, often present in areas lacking podocytes, their functions include: capillary support
adjust capillary pressure for good filtration
phagocytosis of interfering materials (ie, proteins)
secrete various cytokines for immune defense and glomerulus repair

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10
Q

describe PCT

A
  • epithelium - simple cuboidal with long microvilli
  • located in cortex
  • function a. reabsorption of nutrients, proteins, water, and electrolytes (actively and passively)
    b. secretion of organic molecules like H+. ammonia, bile salts, and some drugs
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11
Q

describe the thin limbs of the loop of Henle

A

epithelium - simple squamous
location - medulla
function - reabsorb Na+ and Cl- (passively)

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12
Q

describe the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle

A

epithelium - simple cuboidal (no microvilli)
location - medulla and medullary rays
function - reabsorb electrolytes (actively)

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13
Q

describe the DCT

A
  • epithelium - simple cuboidal (shorter cells with fewer and shorter microvilli)
  • location - cortex
  • function - reabsorb electrolytes
  • macula densa - special part of DCT at the vascular pole containing closely packed columnar cells, part of juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA), gen function of JGA-regulate glomerular blood flow and glomerular filtrate
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14
Q

describe the Collecting Tubule

A

epithelium - simple squamous to simple cuboidal

function- connect nephrons to collecting ducts

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15
Q

describe Collecting ducts

A

not part of nephron
epithelium-simple cuboidal to simple columnar (in larger ducts)
2 cell types - 1. principle cells 2. intercalated cells

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16
Q

describe principle cells

A 
light cells = collecting duct cells
most common cell type
location - medullary rays and medulla
function - influence water and electrolyte movement 
and influence K+ secretion
17
Q

describe intercalated cells

A

dark cells - fewer in number
location - medullary rays
function- secretion of H+ or HCO3- to maintain pH balance
none close to renal papillae

18
Q

where do collecting ducts go

A

they lead to a papillary duct which leads to a renal papilla and finally to a minor calyx

19
Q

describe ureters

A 
2 each
~24-34 cm long
function to transport urine to urinary bladder
20
Q

describe the mucosa of the luminal wall

A

I. surface epithelium - urothelium or transitional, ~4-5 cell layers thick
3 layers:
a. 1 layer of basal cells
b. 1 to several layers of intermediate cells
c. 1 layer of superficial cells called umbrella cells, can be bi-nucleate, possess a free edge plasma membrane with placque
placque functions to protect cells and tissues beneath and to block water passage
II. LP rather dense irregular CT

21
Q

where are placque and umbrella cells most developed

A

in the urinary bladder

22
Q

describe the mascularis Externa

A

-smooth muscles mixed with CT
-Reverse Pattern - inner longitudinal layer, outer circular layer
Distal end has 3 muscle layers
-inner longitudinal
-middle circular
-outer longitudinal

23
Q

describe the adventitia of the ureter

A

contains adipose, blood vessels and nerves

24
Q

describe the connection of the ureter to the urinary bladder

A
  • enters at an angle to create a valve

- as bladder fills entrance to ureters is closed

25
Q

what is the function of urinary bladder

A

storage unit

26
Q

describe the mucosa of luminal wall of the urinary bladder

A
  1. transitional epithelium - function to stretch and protect from hpertonic and toxic urine
    - usually 6+ layers thick
    - placque is well developed to fold at the thinner regions when bladder collapses
  2. LP - rather dense irregular CT
27
Q

Describe the mascularis externa of the urinary bladder

A

3 distinct smooth muscle layers = detrusor muscle

  • inner longitudinal
  • middle circular
  • outer longitudinal
28
Q

what is the Internal Urethral Sphincter

A

-circle of muscle around the urethral opening into the urinary bladder
-involuntary
-function - prevent backflow
this is important to stop the spread of infection to the kidneys

29
Q

describe the nerve supply to the urinary bladder

A

a. sympathetics - to blood vessels
b. parasympathetics (from S2 to S4 travelling with Splanchic nerves) to ME and adventitia - function in micturition reflex
c. sensory -urinary bladder to sacral spinal cord
function - afferent fibers for micturition reflex

30
Q

describe the urethra

A

fibromuscular tube

longitudinal folds in mucosa

31
Q

describe the urethra in males

A

part of urinary and reproductive systems
3 sections
a. prostatic urethra - ~3-4 cm
in prostate
surface epithelium - urothelium
b. membranous urethra- ~1cm - passes thru external urethral sphincter - striated muscle.
-surface epithelium- stratified columnar andmpseudostratified columnar epithelium
c. spongy (penile) urethra: ~15 cm
-surrounded by erectile tissue (corpus spongiosum)
-surface epithelium - stratified columnar and pseudostratificed columnar and stratified squamous distally

32
Q

describe the urethra in females

A
  • urinary system only
  • 4-5 cm long
  • surface epithelium=transitional, stratified columnar/pseudostratified columnar (middle part) and stratified squamous distally
  • external urethral sphincter is around the middle portion
33
Q

describe the female glands within the wall

A
  1. proximal urethral glands - small and numerous and lead to lumen
  2. paraurethral glands - secrete alkaline fluid to paraurethral ducts into the sides of external urethral orifice

Organ Histo Exam 2 (3 decks)

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