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Organ Histo Exam 2 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall

A 
A.  Endocardium
B.  Myocardium
C.  Pericardium
D.  Pericardial Sac
E.  Pericardial Cavity
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2
Q

What does the endocardium consist of

A

a. endothelium - simple squamous
b. looser CT layer: fibroelastic CT
c. more dense irregular CT layer
d. subendochondral layer - looser CT

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3
Q

what makes the subendothelium of the endocardium

A

a. looser CT layer

b. more dense irregular CT layer

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4
Q

what makes the subendochondral layer of the endocardium

A

a. looser CT with blood vessels
b. nerves
c. purkinje fibers

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5
Q

what are purkinje fibers

A

modified cardiac myocytes
fewer myofibrils peripherally placed
contain stored glycogen
attached using gap junctions and macula adherens
fxn to conduct contraction response rapidly

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6
Q

what is the difference between atria and ventricles

A

atria - less muscle, more elastic fibers

ventricles - well developed muscle layer

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7
Q

what does the intercalated disc consist of

A

transverse (risers) and longitudinal (steps)
transverse - macula adherens, fascia adherens
longitudinal - gap junctions

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8
Q

what are the functions of intercalated discs

A
  • attach cardiac myocytes in a row using macula adherens
  • attach and stabilize myofibrils using fascia adherens
  • cell to cell comm. using large gap junctions
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9
Q

what is the relationship of autonomic nervous system to the heartbeat

A

SNS increase HR and contraction force

PSNS decrease HR and contraction force

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10
Q

what are myoendocrine cells

A

specialized cardiac muscle cells that secrete hormones in the atria and interventricular system, releasing hormones to the surrounding cells

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11
Q

what do hormones function in

A
  1. fluid and electrolyte balance targeting the kidney

2. decrease blood pressure targeting small arteries and arterioles

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12
Q

what is the pericardium (serous pericardium) composed of

A
  1. ) epicardium - visceral pericardium
    a. subepicardial layer of fibroelastic CT containing:
    1. coronary vessels
    2. nerves
    3. sometimes much adipose
    b. mesothelium - secretes a serous lubricating fluid
  2. ) parietal pericardium
    a. mesothelium - secretes serous fluid
    b. layer of fibroelastic CT
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13
Q

What does the pericardial sac consist of

A
  1. parietal pericardium

2. fibrous pericardium

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14
Q

what is the pericardial cavity

A

it holds ~15-20 ml of fluid and is between:

  • parietal pericardium
  • visceral pericardium
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15
Q

What is the general valve histology

A

endothelium with dense irregular CT tissue below dense irregular CT has many collagen I and elastic fibers and is almost avascular

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16
Q

what is the cardiac skeleten made of

A

dense irregular CT

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17
Q

what are the 3 main components of the cardiac skeleton

A

A. annuli fibrosi - around base of aorta, pulmonary artery and the openings of the chambers
B. trigonum fibrosum - by cusps of aortic valve
C. septum membranaceum - upper portion of the ventricular septum
function to provide an origin and insertion for cardiac myocytes
D. other chorae tendinae - tendonlike therefore CT type is dense regular

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18
Q

what is the function of cardiac skeleton

A

isolates atrial and ventricular myocardia to insure individual chamber rhythmic contraction

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19
Q

What chest pain is usually brought on by exertion and is caused by slow progressive narrowing of coronary vessels resulting in decreased oxygen

A

angina

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20
Q

what are abnormal heart rhythms caused by damaged or dead purkinje fibers and other conducting tissues

A

dysrhythmia

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21
Q

infection in pericardial cavity and therefore inflammation of the serous pericardium (visceral and parietal)

A

pericarditis

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22
Q

composition of blood vessels

A

tunica intima - continuation of endocardium
tunica media - continuation of mycardium
tunica adventitia - continuation of epicardium

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23
Q

what are elastic arteries

A

conducting arteries - ex. aorta, common iliac, carotid, brachiocephalic, subclavian

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24
Q

what is the structure of the tunica intima of elastic arteries

A
  • attenuated endothelium
  • thin/incomplete internal elastic lamina
  • thicker CT with elastic fibers, collagen I, fibroblasts and smooth muscle
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25
Q

what is the structure of the tunica media of elastic arteries

A

Most dominant layer

  • primarily fenestrated elastic lamina with some collagen I and smooth muscle
  • thin external elastic lamina possible
  • outer portion contains vasa vasorum
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26
Q

what is the structure of the tunica adventitia of elastic arteries

A
  • loose fibroelastic CT

- numerous vasa vasorum

27
Q

what are muscular arteries

A

distributing arteries, ex, brachial, radial, renal, femoral

28
Q

what is the structure of the tunica intima of muscular arteries

A
  • endothelium
  • some CT - few smooth muscles possible
  • well developed internal elastic lamina
29
Q

what is the structure of the tunica media of muscular arteries

A

Thickest and most abundant

  • primarily circular smooth muscle
  • gap junctions bet smooth muscle cells
  • external lamina possible
  • richly enervated with sympathetics so can have strong contraction over a small area
30
Q

arterioles: lumen size is ~= width of vessel wall

A
  1. tunica intima - no internal elastic lamina
  2. tunica media - no external elastic lamina, most dominant
  3. tunica adventitia - overall structure is similar to muscular arteries CT
31
Q

what is the relationship of arteries and aging

A

elastic arteries width increase into your 20’s. number of elastic laminae increase in tunica media

32
Q

what is hypertension

A

increase in systolic blood pressure around 50 y/o due to a decrease in elastic fibers and increase in collagen I

33
Q

what is arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

A

hardending primarily in the largest of arteries, tunica intima becomes infiltrated with soft lipids causing lumen diameter to decrease

34
Q

what are metarterioles

A
  • short teminal arteriole branches that lack a true tunica media
  • lead to capillaries and a thoroughfare channel that leads to venules
  • precapillary sphincters control blood flow into true capillaries
  • allows blood to pulse thru true capillaries - found in all capillary beds
35
Q

What is AVA and its function

A

arteriovenous anastomosis - av shunt - thicker tunica media and adventitia, many nerves (SNS and PSNS) functions to control lumen size and therefore the amount of blood into capillaries

36
Q

what controls blood flow in the capillaries

A
  1. metarterioles
  2. AVA’s
  3. lumen size of terminal arteriole
  4. precapillary sphincters
37
Q

what is the general capillary structure

A
  1. cells - single layer of flattened endothelial cells
  2. pinocytotic vesicles - form tiny transient channel pockets thru cytoplasm. fxn - movement of large molecules
  3. cell junctions - fasciae occludens bet endothelial cells
    fxns - a. move macromolecules b. allows cell movement
38
Q

what are the types of capillaries

A
  1. continous capillaries - most common
  2. fenestrated capillaries
  3. sinusoidal capillaries
39
Q

describe continous capillaries

A

located in muscles, CT, many organs

contains pericytes

40
Q

what are pericytes

A

considered to be mesenchyme cells
numberous on capillaries and venules
secrete basement membrand and matrix components
functions in healing and regulation of blood flow

41
Q

what is modified continous capillary in CNS

A

zonula occludens instead of fascia occludens

barrier regulated by endothelium but influenced by astrocytes

42
Q

describe fenestrated capillaries

A
  • located in pancreas, intestines, endocrine organs, kidneys
  • pores with thin protein diaphragm containing 8 fibrils
  • function to allow greater movement of molecules and cells
43
Q

describe sinusoidal capillaries

A
  • located in bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymphatic organs and certain endocrine organs
  • structure - enlarged diameter, many fenestrated with no protein diaphragm
  • function to enhance exchange between blood and tissues
44
Q

compare veins with arteries

A
  • not as uniform in structure
  • often larger
  • more numerous
45
Q

describe the structure and function of valves

A
  • 2 flaps of tunica intima and fibroelastic CT
  • protection by preventing backflow of blood
  • works with skeletal muscle to keep blood moving
46
Q

what are the types of venules

A
  1. post capillary venules
  2. collecting venules
  3. muscular venules
47
Q

describe post capillary venules

A
  • tunica intima - endothelium, small amount of CT and numerous pericytes
  • no tunica media
  • no tunica adventitia
48
Q

describe collecting venules

A
  • tunica intima is composed of endothelium and small amounts of CT
  • no tunica media
  • tunica adventitia - CT, fibroblasts and some pericytes
49
Q

describe mascular venules

A
  • tunica intima
  • tunica media - incomplete smooth muscular layer
  • tunica adventitia present with few pericytes
50
Q

how do leaky venules come about

A

an incomplete tunica media allows products of inflammation through to loosen endothelial cell junctions

51
Q

describe small veins

A

similar to venules except a complete tunica media

52
Q

describe medium veins

A
  • tunica intima - endothelium, basal lamina, CT with reticular fibers
  • tunica media - smooth muscle, collagen, fibroblasts
  • tunica adventitia - usually thickest and most abundant- CT with collagen I and elastic fibers and few muscle cells
53
Q

describe large veins

A
  • tunica intima - endothelium, basal lamina, CT with reticular fibers
  • tunica media - complete but thin
  • tunica adventitia - usually thickest, a lot of fibroelastic CT and vasa vasorum
54
Q

What are exceptions to the typical vein structure

A
  • superficial veins of legs - tunica media well developed
  • pulmonary veins - well developed tunica media, some cardiac muscle in tunica adventitia close to heart
  • vena cava - some cardiac muscle close to heart in Tun Adv
  • inferior vena cava - some cardiac ms close to heart and some longitudinal smooth muscle
55
Q

describe varicose veins

A
  • loss of skeletal muscle tone around vein
  • degeneration of vessel wall
  • valve incompetence
56
Q

describe esophageal varices

A
  • varicosities in lower esophagus

- common in alcoholics, caused by portal hypertension

57
Q

what are hemorrhoids

A

varicosities at the end of the anal canal

58
Q

what are the functions of lymphatic vessels

A
  1. drain excess interstitial fluid
  2. transmit lymph to lymph nodes (foreign antigen detection in lymph nodes)
  3. transport lymph to the blood stream
59
Q

desribe lymphatic capillaries

A

structurally resemble blood capillaries

60
Q

differentiate lymphatics from continous blood capillaries

A
  1. blind ended - suddenly begin
  2. no pericytes
  3. endothelial cells can overlap but creat clefts between cells which allows for easy movement into and out of vessels
  4. no fenestrae and no tight junctions between endothelial cells
  5. contain bundles of lymphatic anchoring filametns containing elastic fibers
61
Q

describe small lymphatic vessels

A

structurally resemble venules

62
Q

describe medium and large lymphatic vessels

A

they have larger lumen and thinner walls, tunics blend together more than veins

  • tunica intima - endothelium and thin layer of CT with elastic fibers
  • tunica media - thin smooth muscle layer
  • tunica adventitia - CT with collagen and elastic fibers
  • valves are present and closely spaced
63
Q

where do lymphatic ducts empty

A

into venous system at the junction of right internal jugular and subclavian veins, includes the short right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct

64
Q

describe the structure of the lymphatic duct

A

tunica intima - endothelium several layers of collagen and elastic fibers, layer of condensed elastic fibers
tunica media - longitudinal and circular layers of smooth muscle
tunica adventitia - longitudinal smooth muscle cells, collagenous CT, vasa vasorum-like vessels

Organ Histo Exam 2 (3 decks)

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