Urinary system Flashcards
organs of urinary system
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
urine
converted waste filtrate from bloodstream
functions of bladder
- stores urine (expandable; up 1 liter)
- excretion of urine
- blood volume regulation ( control the volume of interstitial fluid and blood; directed by certain hormones; blood volume affects blood pressure as well
- erythropoietin (EPO) (acts on stem cells in bone marrow, increasing erythrocyte production, allows blood to transport more oxygen
hilum
concave medial border of kidneys
fibrous capsule
renal capsule;
innermost layer of kidney;
protects and maintains shape;
perinephric fat
adipose capsule; also called perirenal fat
external to fibrous capsule;
cushioning and insulation
renal fascia
external to perinephric fat;
dense connective tissue;
anchors kidneys to posterior abdominal wall and parietal peritoneum;
paranephric fat
b/n renal fascia and parietal peritoneum
renal cortex
tissue surrounding renal medulla;
in-between renal medulla, renal columns;
intravenous pyelogram
injection of small amount of rediopaque dye into a vein;
water-soluble;
x-rays taken over 1 1/2 hrs, time lapse view of system
hepatorenal recess
potential space b/n liver and right kidney;
normally not filled with fluid, but can be a diagnostic if so.
renal pyramid
medullary pyramids;
adults have 8-15;
renal papilla
apex of renal pyramids
renal pelvis
where all major calyx merge and form this large funnel shape region that collects urine and transports it to the ureter
renal lobe
8-15 sections of a kidney;
consists of medullary pyramid,half of each lateral renal column on either side, and cortex external to the base of medullary pyramid;
renal artery
extends from abdominal aorta at level of L1 and L2 to supply the kidneys with blood;
nephrons
filter structures in kidneys
renal failure
destruction of 90% of tissue in kidney;
chronic disease affecting small blood vessels (glomerulus): autoimmune conditions, high blood pressure and diabetes;
kidneys cannot not regenerate/function after being destroyed;
glomerulus
small blood vessels in kidney
peritoneal dialysis
catheter is permanently placed in the peritoneal cavity, with a bag of dialysis fluid attached to the external end;
fluid enters peritoneal cavity, harmful waste in blood are transferred (dialyzed) into fluid;
after several hours, collection bag is connected to catheter, patient positions body for fluid to flow out.
hemodialysis
patient’s blood is cycled through machine that filters waste products;
vascular connection (arteriovenous fistula) to conveniently located superficial artery AND vein;
patient must remain stationary
arteriovenous fistula
vascular connection (used in hemodialysis)
kidney transplant
placed on the superior surface or or immediately lateral to the urinary bladder;
only short segment of ureter for bladder connection;
only one kidney is needed for all renal function; can be donated dead or living.
renal plexus
mass of sensory and autonomic nervous system fibers that innervates the kidney;
sympathetic intervention from T10-T12 segments of spinal cord( responsible for the renal blood vessel vasoconstriction), and CN X (vagus);
referred pain along dermatomes T10-T12
renal agenesis
unilateral; asymptomatic
bilateral; invariably fatal;
failure of kidney to develop
pelvic kidney
kidney’s fail to move from pelvic cavity to abdominal cavity
horseshoe kidney
inferior portions of kidneys fuse as they ascend to abdominal cavity; halted short of progress
supernumerary
extra kidneys develop
duplicated
bifid ureter;
ureter splits and enters kidney at different locations.
multiple renal vessels
vessels don’t detach or degenerate
