respiratory system Flashcards
conchae
turbinates: create turbulence
warms and humidifies air
superior/middle: ethmoid bone
inferior: independent bones
nasal cycle
automatic selective activation of congestion of conchae of one side of nasal cavity, then the other, to keep membranes from drying
nasal cavity
filtrates
conditions
olfaction
RESONATING CHAMBER for sound
paranasal sinuses
decrease skull weight, provide resonance.
lined by ciliated epithelium with overlying mucus
pharynx
lined with mucosa and contain skeletal muscles(swallowing)
-respiratory and digestive system
nasopharynx
only passage of air.
uvula and soft palate prevent food or liquid from entering.
eustachian tubes
auditory tubes;
air pressure can be equalized.
pharyngeal tonsil
adenoids;
can contribute to sleep apnea
oropharynx
middle region;
epithelium has no cilia
palatine tonsils
only visible tonsils
lateral walls of oropharynx
lingual tonsils
base of tongue
laryngopharynx
no cilia
food/water/air pass through
narrows; food gets lodged here.
Larynx
voice box; ciliated below vocal cords -prevents swallow materials from entering the lower respiratory tract -conducts air -produces sounds supporting by 9 pieces of cartilage
thyroid cartilage
anterior and lateral walls of larynx
hyaline cartilage
growth stimulated by testosterone
adam’s apple
laryngeal prominence
cricoid
full ring shaped supportive cartilage, just below thyroid cartilage.
hyaline cartilage
cricothyroid ligament
(crico (cricoid) + thyroid; ligament b/n cricoid and thyroid.
4 fingers from sternal notch
cricothyrotomy
emergency airway;
vertical incision in skin, horizontal incision made thru cricothyroid ligament
-plastic tubes can also be used
tracheotomy
caution of anterior jugular veins
incision 1-1.5 cm above suprasternal notch;
retractors pull back skin and subcutaneous tissue to expose trachea;
incision made through 3rd & 4th tracheal rings;
tracheotomy tube inserted;
taped into place; breathing bypasses nasal cavity/larynx;
complication: infection, hemorrhaging, aspiration of matter directly into the lungs
tracheostomy
name of opening in trachea in tracheotomy
tracheal stenosis
narrowing of the trachea at the incision site due to scar tissue formation
cricothyrotomy
caution of anterior jugular veins
vertical cut in skin;
horizontal cut crcothyroid ligament b/n thyroid and cricoid;
-complications: injury to trachea/larynx, hemorrhaging, tension pneumothorax, clogging of inserted tube with blood or secretions
tracheal transection
transverse cut through the trachea;
cricothyrotomy should not be performed if there is evidence of such an injury.
asphyxiation
larynx reaction to foreign body;
rima glottidis closes; laryngeal muscles spasm, vocal cords tense up;
person will be dead from lack of oxygen in 4-5 minutes if object is not removed
heimlich maneuver
choking: can’t speak, breath, or cough; may turn blue or gray
fist under xiphoid; thumb towards chest; 6-10 thrusts upward and inward; may be needed several times.
can be done on self using fist our edge of chair etc.
bronchoscopy
using bronchoscope (under general anesthesia)
-rigid (best)
-flexible
viewing tube inserted through nose, mouth or tracheostomy
epiglottis
elastic cartilage;
forced to close over laryngeal opening (glottis) when larynx pivots upward (when swallowing)
vallecula
spit trap; at the base of the tongue; traps spit so as to not enter the glottis;
landmark for laryngoscope
laryngoscope
blade with a camera; used for intubating patient
vestibular folds
false vocal cords;
no function with sound;
just superior to vocal ligaments
vocal ligaments
vocal folds;
true vocal cords;
produce sound as air passes through, ligaments vibrate and that make sound;
maturation lengthens cords (male)
rima glottis
opening b/n vocal cords;
narrow: folds are adducted
wide: folds are abduct
glottis
rima glottis and vocal cords
pitch
tautness of vocal cords
range
length of cords
loudness
force of air
whisper
folds don’t vibrate;
only most posterior portion of rima glottis is open
laryngitis
inflammation of larynx, may spread to other tissues.
bacterial, viral infection most common cause;
can get from overuse (e.g. yelling for hours);
hoarse voice, sore throat, sometimes fever;
trachea
'windpipe'; extends through mediastinum; ant. to esophagus; inf. to larynx; sup. primary bronchi; surrounded by tracheal cartilages
tracheal cartilages
15-20 C shaped cartilages around trachea;
keep trachea open(patent);
trachealis muscle
binds open ends of tracheal cartilage;
constricts to make air pass through lungs more rapidly and forcefully;
distends to allow food and water to more easily pass through the esophagus
ciliated epithelium
mucosa lining of larynx and pharynx;
mucin-secreting goblet cells;
mucin-secreting glands
primary bronchi
not symmetric;
right: shorter, wider, more vertical, more susceptible to be travelled through by foreign objects
bronchial tree
from prim. bronchi to terminal bronchioles;
hyalin cartilage supports branches;
cartilage gets smaller and smaller
hilum
medial surface of lungs
secondary bronchi
left:2 right: 3 (one for each lobe)
tertiary bronchi
next smaller branch than secondary bronchi;
bronchioles
< 1 mm diameter;
no cartilage (smallness prevents collapse;
no cilia; smooth muscle
bronchoconstriction
when smooth muscle in bronchioles constrict to regulate airflow
bronchodiolation
smooth muscle relaxation of bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
end of conducting pathway
bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi;
cause: bacteria, virus, or inhaling chemicals, cigarette smoke;
acute, chronic;
acute bronchitis
rapidly, during infection (e.g. common cold);
symptoms: cough, wheezing, pain in inhalation, fever;
resolved in 10-14 days
chronic bronchitis
long-term exposure to irritants such as chemical vapors, polluted air, or cigarette smoke;
large amounts of mucus with cough for 3 months;
permanent changes:
1: thickened bronchial walls, narrowing of lumens
2: overgrowth of the mucin-secreting cells of the bronchi (hyperplasia)
3: accumulation of lymphocytes within the bronchial walls;
increases likeliness of bacterial infection and pneumonia;
cystic hygroma
tangled mass of lymph vessels
amniotic fluid
fluid in uterus;
Pneumothorax
Condition when free air gets into the pleura cavity;
2 causes:
Penetrating injury(knife, gun shot etc)
Broken rib lacerates surface of lungs
Atelectasis
Condition when portion of lung deflates due to the presence of free air in the pleural cavity
Tension pneumothorax
When hole in chest allows one way entry of hole; as patient struggles for air more enters pleural cavity;
Atelectasis occurs;
Displacement of mediastinum structures ( heart);
Both lungs compress
Hemothorax
Blood in the pleural cavity
Hydrothorax
Accumulation of serous fluid in pleural fluid
Empyema
Accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity.
