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final exam bio 2320 > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

conchae

A

turbinates: create turbulence
warms and humidifies air
superior/middle: ethmoid bone
inferior: independent bones

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2
Q

nasal cycle

A

automatic selective activation of congestion of conchae of one side of nasal cavity, then the other, to keep membranes from drying

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3
Q

nasal cavity

A

filtrates
conditions
olfaction
RESONATING CHAMBER for sound

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4
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

decrease skull weight, provide resonance.

lined by ciliated epithelium with overlying mucus

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5
Q

pharynx

A

lined with mucosa and contain skeletal muscles(swallowing)

-respiratory and digestive system

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6
Q

nasopharynx

A

only passage of air.

uvula and soft palate prevent food or liquid from entering.

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7
Q

eustachian tubes

A

auditory tubes;

air pressure can be equalized.

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8
Q

pharyngeal tonsil

A

adenoids;

can contribute to sleep apnea

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9
Q

oropharynx

A

middle region;

epithelium has no cilia

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10
Q

palatine tonsils

A

only visible tonsils

lateral walls of oropharynx

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11
Q

lingual tonsils

A

base of tongue

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12
Q

laryngopharynx

A

no cilia
food/water/air pass through
narrows; food gets lodged here.

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13
Q

Larynx

A 
voice box; 
ciliated below vocal cords
-prevents swallow materials from entering the lower respiratory tract
-conducts air
-produces sounds
supporting by 9 pieces of cartilage
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14
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

anterior and lateral walls of larynx
hyaline cartilage
growth stimulated by testosterone

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15
Q

adam’s apple

A

laryngeal prominence

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16
Q

cricoid

A

full ring shaped supportive cartilage, just below thyroid cartilage.
hyaline cartilage

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17
Q

cricothyroid ligament

A

(crico (cricoid) + thyroid; ligament b/n cricoid and thyroid.
4 fingers from sternal notch

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18
Q

cricothyrotomy

A

emergency airway;
vertical incision in skin, horizontal incision made thru cricothyroid ligament
-plastic tubes can also be used

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19
Q

tracheotomy

A

caution of anterior jugular veins
incision 1-1.5 cm above suprasternal notch;
retractors pull back skin and subcutaneous tissue to expose trachea;
incision made through 3rd & 4th tracheal rings;
tracheotomy tube inserted;
taped into place; breathing bypasses nasal cavity/larynx;
complication: infection, hemorrhaging, aspiration of matter directly into the lungs

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20
Q

tracheostomy

A

name of opening in trachea in tracheotomy

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21
Q

tracheal stenosis

A

narrowing of the trachea at the incision site due to scar tissue formation

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22
Q

cricothyrotomy

A

caution of anterior jugular veins
vertical cut in skin;
horizontal cut crcothyroid ligament b/n thyroid and cricoid;
-complications: injury to trachea/larynx, hemorrhaging, tension pneumothorax, clogging of inserted tube with blood or secretions

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23
Q

tracheal transection

A

transverse cut through the trachea;

cricothyrotomy should not be performed if there is evidence of such an injury.

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24
Q

asphyxiation

A

larynx reaction to foreign body;
rima glottidis closes; laryngeal muscles spasm, vocal cords tense up;
person will be dead from lack of oxygen in 4-5 minutes if object is not removed

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25
Q

heimlich maneuver

A

choking: can’t speak, breath, or cough; may turn blue or gray
fist under xiphoid; thumb towards chest; 6-10 thrusts upward and inward; may be needed several times.
can be done on self using fist our edge of chair etc.

26
Q

bronchoscopy

A

using bronchoscope (under general anesthesia)
-rigid (best)
-flexible
viewing tube inserted through nose, mouth or tracheostomy

27
Q

epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage;

forced to close over laryngeal opening (glottis) when larynx pivots upward (when swallowing)

28
Q

vallecula

A

spit trap; at the base of the tongue; traps spit so as to not enter the glottis;
landmark for laryngoscope

29
Q

laryngoscope

A

blade with a camera; used for intubating patient

30
Q

vestibular folds

A

false vocal cords;
no function with sound;
just superior to vocal ligaments

31
Q

vocal ligaments

A

vocal folds;
true vocal cords;
produce sound as air passes through, ligaments vibrate and that make sound;
maturation lengthens cords (male)

32
Q

rima glottis

A

opening b/n vocal cords;

narrow: folds are adducted
wide: folds are abduct

33
Q

glottis

A

rima glottis and vocal cords

34
Q

pitch

A

tautness of vocal cords

35
Q

range

A

length of cords

36
Q

loudness

A

force of air

37
Q

whisper

A

folds don’t vibrate;

only most posterior portion of rima glottis is open

38
Q

laryngitis

A

inflammation of larynx, may spread to other tissues.
bacterial, viral infection most common cause;
can get from overuse (e.g. yelling for hours);
hoarse voice, sore throat, sometimes fever;

39
Q

trachea

A 
'windpipe';
extends through mediastinum;
ant. to esophagus;
inf. to larynx;
sup. primary bronchi;
surrounded by tracheal cartilages
40
Q

tracheal cartilages

A

15-20 C shaped cartilages around trachea;

keep trachea open(patent);

41
Q

trachealis muscle

A

binds open ends of tracheal cartilage;
constricts to make air pass through lungs more rapidly and forcefully;
distends to allow food and water to more easily pass through the esophagus

42
Q

ciliated epithelium

A

mucosa lining of larynx and pharynx;
mucin-secreting goblet cells;
mucin-secreting glands

43
Q

primary bronchi

A

not symmetric;

right: shorter, wider, more vertical, more susceptible to be travelled through by foreign objects

44
Q

bronchial tree

A

from prim. bronchi to terminal bronchioles;
hyalin cartilage supports branches;
cartilage gets smaller and smaller

45
Q

hilum

A

medial surface of lungs

46
Q

secondary bronchi

A

left:2 right: 3 (one for each lobe)

47
Q

tertiary bronchi

A

next smaller branch than secondary bronchi;

48
Q

bronchioles

A

< 1 mm diameter;
no cartilage (smallness prevents collapse;
no cilia; smooth muscle

49
Q

bronchoconstriction

A

when smooth muscle in bronchioles constrict to regulate airflow

50
Q

bronchodiolation

A

smooth muscle relaxation of bronchioles

51
Q

terminal bronchioles

A

end of conducting pathway

52
Q

bronchitis

A

inflammation of the bronchi;
cause: bacteria, virus, or inhaling chemicals, cigarette smoke;
acute, chronic;

53
Q

acute bronchitis

A

rapidly, during infection (e.g. common cold);
symptoms: cough, wheezing, pain in inhalation, fever;
resolved in 10-14 days

54
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

long-term exposure to irritants such as chemical vapors, polluted air, or cigarette smoke;
large amounts of mucus with cough for 3 months;
permanent changes:
1: thickened bronchial walls, narrowing of lumens
2: overgrowth of the mucin-secreting cells of the bronchi (hyperplasia)
3: accumulation of lymphocytes within the bronchial walls;
increases likeliness of bacterial infection and pneumonia;

55
Q

cystic hygroma

A

tangled mass of lymph vessels

56
Q

amniotic fluid

A

fluid in uterus;

56
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Condition when free air gets into the pleura cavity;
2 causes:
Penetrating injury(knife, gun shot etc)
Broken rib lacerates surface of lungs

57
Q

Atelectasis

A

Condition when portion of lung deflates due to the presence of free air in the pleural cavity

58
Q

Tension pneumothorax

A

When hole in chest allows one way entry of hole; as patient struggles for air more enters pleural cavity;
Atelectasis occurs;
Displacement of mediastinum structures ( heart);
Both lungs compress

59
Q

Hemothorax

A

Blood in the pleural cavity

60
Q

Hydrothorax

A

Accumulation of serous fluid in pleural fluid

61
Q

Empyema

A

Accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity.

final exam bio 2320 (3 decks)

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