Urinary System Flashcards
are there two ureters?
there are two ureter that carry urine from the kedney to the bladder
is there one urethra?
there is only one urethra carrying urine to the outside
when fluid leaves the kidneys is it urine?
fluid that leaves the kidneys is considered urine
what is the function of ureters, bladders, and urethra?
the ureters, bladder, and urethra are simply transport and holding structures
what are the functions of the kidney?
- regulation of water and ion balance
- removal of water soluble wastes and toxins from blood and excretion in urine
- gluconeogenis
what does endocrine function involve?
- erythropoietin production and release
- final enzymatic step in calcitriol formation
- renin release to produce angiotensin II
what are some organic wastes?
- nitrogenous wastes
- creatinine
- urobilinogen
nitrogenous wastes are the product of what? list some.
nitrogenous wastes- from breakdown of amino acids (gluconegenesis) and nitrogenous bases
- urea (primary)
- ammonia (minor)
- uric acid
are nitrogenous wastes toxic?
build up of nitrogenous wastes in the bloodstream is toxic
can toxins kill you?
toxic buildup can damage and kill you, typicallly this toxic buildup is not a problem, unless you have kidney failure.
is creatinine the product of another substance being broke down?
creatinine is a normal breakdown product of creatine phosphate (energy in muscles)
is creatine clearance a useful marker for something?
creatine clearance is a useful marker in medical practice to indicate muscle damage.
can too much creatine be harmful?
too much cratine or creatinine in the bloodstream can create difficulties for the kidney or damage to the kedney
can kidney damage occur if creatine is overused?
there is a risk of taking cratine supplements for muscle building, because of potential kideny damage
what is urobilinogen?
Urobilinogen is a breakdown product of hemoglobin
RETROPERITONEAL POSITION OF KIDNEY
where are the kidney positioned?
kidneys are positioned behind the peritoneum and its membranes
RETROPERITONEAL POSITION OF KIDNEY
are kidneys contained in their own capsule?
kidneys are contained within their own fibrous capsule
RETROPERITONEAL POSITION OF KIDNEY
is the immune system very active in this capsule?
The capsule is somewhat protected from complete immune system activity and is sometimes referred to as “immuno privileged”
RETROPERITONEAL POSITION OF KIDNEY
is there a reason the kindneys where the first organs ever transplanted into humans?
kidneys special location and goo flow along with their immunoprivileged location stands to reason why they were the first organs transplanted in humans
RETROPERITONEAL POSITION OF KIDNEY
“up” refers to what? in the context of the kidney.
“up” refers to heading toward the outer cortex
RETROPERITONEAL POSITION OF KIDNEY
“down” refers to what? in the context of the kidney.
“down” refers to heading toward the renal pelvis or inner medulla
RETROPERITONEAL POSITION OF KIDNEY
are the pyramids actually shaped like pyramids?
the pyramids are actually 3d structures wit the literal shape of a pyramid
RETROPERITONEAL POSITION OF KIDNEY
where does urine production occur?
the pyramids and the area of cortex immediately above them are where urine production occurs
RETROPERITONEAL POSITION OF KIDNEY
what is the path of urine once it drips from the pyramids?
urine drips out of the apex of the pyramids into the mino calyxes and then into the pelvis and out the ureter to the bladder
RETROPERITONEAL POSITION OF KIDNEY
when fluid leaves the pyramid is it considered urine?
when the fluid leaves the pyramid its urine the composition is unchanged from there until micturition the act of urine excretion from the bladder
RENAL CIRCULATION
does the renal artery carry a lot of blood?
there is substantial blood supply through the renal artery
RENAL CIRCULATION
where is the blood from the renal artery carried?
the blood supply is carried to cortex between the pyramids (segmental arteries and interlobar arteries)
RENAL CIRCULATION
where are the arcuate arteries and where do they branch from?
crossing the top of the pyramids and dividing the cortex and medulla are the arcuate arteries that branch from the interlobar arteries
RENAL CIRCULATION
does afferent arteriole feed into the glomerulus? and what is the glomerulus?
eventually an afferent arteriole feeds into the glomerulus
glomerulus- the specialized capillary bed that creates the fluid that will move through a tube gradually being turned into urine.
RENAL CIRCULATION
does all the fluid leave the blood?
not all the fluid leaves the blood and the remaining blood in the glomerulus exits into the efferent arteriole.
RENAL CIRCULATION
why is the efferent arteriole still called an arteriole?
the efferent arteriole is still called an arteriole because it feeds directly into a second capillary bed; and because the blood doesn’t leave the organ and usually only travels microscopic distances in the glomerulus, this vessel is termed an arteriole rather than a venule.
RENAL CIRCULATION
rom the efferent arteriole blood moves into what?
from the efferent arteriole, blood moves into either peritubular capillaries (cortex) or a capillary bed with long vessels named the vasa recta (medulla)
RENAL CIRCULATION
do the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta pick up most of the fluid thats left in the glomerulus? is there anything else that it picks up?
peritubular capillaries and vasa recta pick up most of the fluid thats left in the glomerulus.
it also picks up a lot of other things like most of the NaCI and all of the glucose; from there its back to radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins and eventually the large renal artery
MICROCIRCULATION OF THE KIDNEY
what are nephrons?
nephrons are part of the renal tubule where urine production occurs
MICROCIRCULATION OF THE KIDNEY
what is the fluid that nephrons dump into collecting ducts?
nephrons dump their fluid called filtrate into collecting ducts (the last part of the renal tubule)
MICROCIRCULATION OF THE KIDNEY
where are most of the nephrons located?
most nephrons are in the cortex above the pyramids (cortical nephrons)
MICROCIRCULATION OF THE KIDNEY
where are some of the other located? what are they called?
parts of some of the nephrons extend down deep within the renal pyramids (juxtamedullary nephrons)
MICROCIRCULATION OF THE KIDNEY
are most nephrons in the cortex?
most of the nephrons are cortical nephrons
MICROCIRCULATION OF THE KIDNEY
is concentrated urine the product of juxtamedullary nephrons?
the ability to make urine more concentrated than blood requires juxtramedullary nephrons
MICROCIRCULATION OF THE KIDNEY
whats the name of capillary beds that wrap around the cortical nephrons
the capillary beds that wraps around the cortical nephrons is the peritubular capillaries
MICROCIRCULATION OF THE KIDNEY
what does the vasa recta wrap around? and what is the loop called?
the vas recta wraps around the part of the juxtamedullary nephrons that extends deep into the pyramids called the renal loop or loop of henle
MICROCIRCULATION OF THE KIDNEY
what is filtrate created from?
filtrate is created from fluid that is pushed out of the capillaries of the glomerulus and into the renal capsule, also called bowmans capsule.
MICROCIRCULATION OF THE KIDNEY
where does filtrate travel?
after the filtrate is created it travels through the nephron until it reaches the collecting duct
MICROCIRCULATION OF THE KIDNEY
does one collecting duct receive filtrate from many nephrons?
one collecting duct will receive filtrate from many nephrons as it travels “down” toward the apex of the renal pyramid
