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Biology (A&P 2) > table of major hormones > Flashcards

table of major hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

Epinephrine

Source:
Adrenal medulla

A

major targets & Effects
many targets; stimulates & coordinates
fight/fright/flight/ response

regulation of release:
stimulated by physical or perceived stress

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2
Q

REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

insulin

Source:
pancreas

A

major targets & Effects
most body cells & liver; lowers blood glucose

regulation of release:
blood glucose levels

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3
Q

REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

glucagon

Source:
pancreas

A

major targets & Effects
liver, muscles & adipose tissue; raises blood glucose

regulation of release:
blood glucose levels

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4
Q

REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

glucose-dependent
insulinotropic peptide
(GIP)

Source:
small intestine

A

major targets & Effects
pancreas; increases insulin release

regulation of release:
stimulated by presence of chyme in small intestine

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5
Q

REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

ghrelin

Source:
stomach

A

major targets & Effects
brain; increases hunger when stomach is empty; also stimulates GH release from the pituitary; increases intestinal motility

regulation of release:
full stomach inhibits release: may be regulated by sleep & biological clock

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6
Q

REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

Thyroid hormone (T3= triiodothyronine; T4=thyroxine)

Source:
thyroid gland

A

major targets & Effects
most body cells; increases metabolism

regulation of release:
stimulated by TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

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7
Q

REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Source:
anterior pituitary

A

major targets & Effects
thyroid gland; causes synthesis & release of thyroid hormone

regulation of release:
TRH (thyroid releasing hormone) stimulates; thyroid hormones inhibit

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8
Q

REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

Growth hormone (GH)

Source:
anterior pituitary

A

major targets & Effects
liver, muscles & bones, most cells, directly & via somatomedins causes growth

regulation of release:
GHRH (Growth hormone releasing hormone) stimulates & GHRIH (Growth hormone releasing inhibiting hormone) inhibits

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9
Q

REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

TSH-releasing hormone (TRH)

Source:
hypothalamus

A

major targets & Effects
anterior pituitary; causes release of TSH & prolactin

regulation of release:
other brain areas; low body temp increases; thyroid hormone inhibits

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10
Q

REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

Somatomedins (IGF-insulin growth factor)

Source:
liver

A

major targets & Effects
long bones & skeletal muscles; causes growth

regulation of release:
stimulated by GH

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11
Q

REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

GH-releasing hormone (GHRH); somatocrinin

Source:
hypothalamus

A

major targets & Effects
anterior pituitary; increases growth hormone release

regulation of release:
other brain areas; sleep & hypoglycemia

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12
Q

REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

GH-release inhibiting hormone (GHRIH); somatostatin

Source:
hypothalamus

A

major targets & Effects
anterior pituitary; decreases GH release; also decreases TSH release

regulation of release:
other brain areas

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13
Q

REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

Cortisol

Source:
adrenal cortex

A

major targets & Effects
liver, adipose tissue, muscle, raises blood glucose levels

regulation of release:
stimulated by ACTH

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14
Q

REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

Source:
anterior pituitary

A

major targets & Effects
adrenal cortex; increases synthesis & secretion of glucocorticoids

regulation of release:
CRH stimulates; glucocorticoids inhibit

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15
Q

REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Source:
hypothalamus

A

major targets & Effects
anterior pituitary; causes release of ACTH

regulation of release:
other brain areas & negative feedback by cortisol & ACTH

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16
Q

REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

Leptin

Source:
adipocytes

A

major targets & Effects
brain; increases satiety & decrease hunger to decrease caloric intake

regulation of release:
stimulated by level of fat storage in adipocytes

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17
Q

REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

adiponectin

Source:
adipocytes

A

major targets & Effects
many targets; appears to increase insulin effects (sensitivity); anti-inflammatory & anti arthrogenic

regulation of release:
triglyceride (fat) storage inhibits release; inflammation may inhibit release also

18
Q

REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

osteocalcin

Source:
Bone (osteoblasts)

A

major targets & Effects
pancreas -increases insulin release; increases insulin sensitivity; adipocytes- decreases adiponectin and fat; may increase testosterone production from testis

regulation of release:
sympathetic innervation reduces release; bone remodeling stimulates

19
Q

REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

erythropoietin

Source:
Kidney

A

major targets & Effects
bone marrow; stimulates RBC production

regulation of release:lack of oxygen (hypoxia)

20
Q

REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

hepcidin

Source:
liver

A

major targets & Effects
intestines-reduces iron absorption

regulation of release:
increased by inflammation and iron

21
Q

DIGESTION

gastrin

Source:
stomach

A

major targets & Effects
stomach; stimulates gastric motility & HCI secretion

regulation of release:
stimulated by presence of food in the stomach or thoughts/smells of food

22
Q

DIGESTION

Secretin

Source:
small intestine

A

major targets & Effects
pancreas& liver; increases HCO3 secretion & potentiates CCK actions at pancreas & liver

regulation of release:
stimulated by presence of chyme in small intestine

23
Q

DIGESTION

cholescystokinin (CCK)

Source:
small intestine

A

major targets & Effects
pancreas, liver & gall bladder; increases pancreatic enzyme secretion; causes gall bladder contraction & bile synthesis & secretion; potentiates secretin activity

regulation of release:
stimulated by presence of chyme in small intestine

24
Q

DIGESTION

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

Source:
small intestine

A

major targets & Effects
small intestine; increases secretion of electrolytes & smooth muscle relaxation; may cause vasodilation in local area

regulation of release:
stimulated by presence of chyme in small intestine

25
Q

REPRODUCTION

Oxytocin

Source:
posterior pituitary

A

major targets & Effects
breasts, urogenital tract; milk ejection, uterine contractions at parturition, smooth muscle contraction during orgasm

regulation of release:
sucking of infant; dilation of cervix; other neural stimuli

26
Q

REPRODUCTION

prolactin (PRL)

Source:
anterior pituitary

A

major targets & Effects
breasts; increased milk production

regulation of release:
gonadal steroids (P& E) and lactation
27
Q

REPRODUCTION

Dopamine

Source:
hypothalamus

A

major targets & Effects
anterior pituitary; inhibits PRL release

regulation of release:
higher brain centers

28
Q

REPRODUCTION

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Source:
anterior pituitary

A

major targets & Effects
gonads; causes germ cell maturation & hormone synthesis in the gonads

regulation of release:
GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone) stimulates; gonadal hormones inhibit

29
Q

REPRODUCTION

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Source:
anterior pituitary

A

major targets & Effects
gonads; causes germ cell maturation & steroid synthesis

regulation of release:
GnRH stimulates; gonadal steroids inhibit

30
Q

REPRODUCTION

Gonadotropin releasin hormone (GnIH or RFRP3)

Source:
hypothalamus

A

major targets & Effects
median eminence and/or pituitary; inhibits release of gonadotropins and /or GnRH

regulation of release:
still under investigation

31
Q

REPRODUCTION

Testosterone

Source:
testes
ovaries in small amounts

A

major targets & Effects
testes, brain & other tissues; stimulates sperm production & male secondary sex characteristics & libido

regulation of release:
stimulated by LH in testes

32
Q

REPRODUCTION

inhibin

Source:
testis or ovary

A

major targets & Effects
anterior pituitary; decreases release of FSH

regulation of release:
stimulated by FSH in testes and ovaries

33
Q

REPRODUCTION

estrogen

Source:
ovary

A

major targets & Effects
ovarian follicle, uterus, brain & other tissues; stimulates follicle maturation, uterus, female secondary sex characteristics

regulation of release:
stimulated by LH & FSH

34
Q

REPRODUCTION

Progesterone

Source:
ovary

A

major targets & Effects
uterus, brain & other tissues; stimulates uterus, supports pregnancy & lactation

regulation of release:
stimulated by LH

35
Q

REPRODUCTION

Melatonin

Source:
pineal gland

A

major targets & Effects
brain to help regulate rhythms, particularly sasonal changes

regulation of release:
light & biological clock in hypothalamus regulate release

36
Q

WATER & SALT BALANCE (ALSO BLOOD VOL AND PSI)

Arginine Vasopressin
(AVP)=antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Source:
posterior pituitary

A

major targets & Effects
kidneys; increases water reabsorption (=less urine)

regulation of release:
blood pressure & osmolarity

37
Q

WATER & SALT BALANCE (ALSO BLOOD VOL AND PSI)

aldosterone

Source:
adrenal cortex

A

major targets & Effects
kidney; stimulates retention of Na+

regulation of release:
stimulated by angiotensin II; some stimulation by ACTH

38
Q

WATER & SALT BALANCE (ALSO BLOOD VOL AND PSI)

angiotensin II (AII)

Source:
conversion in blood

A

major targets & Effects
adrenal cortex; stimulates the synthesis & release of aldosterone

regulation of release:
fromed from angiotensin I following release of renin into blood stream

39
Q

WATER & SALT BALANCE (ALSO BLOOD VOL AND PSI)

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP/ANH or Brain NP)

Source:
heart

A

major targets & Effects
kidney & posterior pituitary; stimulates excretion of Na+ and water by decreasing release and effect of aldosterone and AVP

regulation of release:
stimulated by high blood pressure & stretch of the right atrium (ANP) or ventricle (BNP)

40
Q

CALCIUM AND BONE REGULATION

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Source:
parathyroid glands

A

major targets & Effects
bone, intestines & kidneys, increases blood calcium levels

regulation of release:
blood calcium levels

41
Q

CALCIUM AND BONE REGULATION

vitamin D3=calcitriol

Source:
body plus sunshine

A

major targets & Effects
bones, intestines & kidneys, increases blood calcium levels

regulation of release:
PTH stimulates; sunshine required

42
Q

CALCIUM AND BONE REGULATION

Calcitonin

Source:
C cells of thyroid

A

major targets & Effects
bone; decreases blood calcim levels (only really important in egg-laying animals or animals that live in aquatic environments)

regulation of release:
blood calcium levels

Biology (A&P 2) (14 decks)

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