table of major hormones Flashcards
REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY
Epinephrine
Source:
Adrenal medulla
major targets & Effects
many targets; stimulates & coordinates
fight/fright/flight/ response
regulation of release:
stimulated by physical or perceived stress
REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY
insulin
Source:
pancreas
major targets & Effects
most body cells & liver; lowers blood glucose
regulation of release:
blood glucose levels
REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY
glucagon
Source:
pancreas
major targets & Effects
liver, muscles & adipose tissue; raises blood glucose
regulation of release:
blood glucose levels
REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY
glucose-dependent
insulinotropic peptide
(GIP)
Source:
small intestine
major targets & Effects
pancreas; increases insulin release
regulation of release:
stimulated by presence of chyme in small intestine
REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY
ghrelin
Source:
stomach
major targets & Effects
brain; increases hunger when stomach is empty; also stimulates GH release from the pituitary; increases intestinal motility
regulation of release:
full stomach inhibits release: may be regulated by sleep & biological clock
REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY
Thyroid hormone (T3= triiodothyronine; T4=thyroxine)
Source:
thyroid gland
major targets & Effects
most body cells; increases metabolism
regulation of release:
stimulated by TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Source:
anterior pituitary
major targets & Effects
thyroid gland; causes synthesis & release of thyroid hormone
regulation of release:
TRH (thyroid releasing hormone) stimulates; thyroid hormones inhibit
REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY
Growth hormone (GH)
Source:
anterior pituitary
major targets & Effects
liver, muscles & bones, most cells, directly & via somatomedins causes growth
regulation of release:
GHRH (Growth hormone releasing hormone) stimulates & GHRIH (Growth hormone releasing inhibiting hormone) inhibits
REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY
TSH-releasing hormone (TRH)
Source:
hypothalamus
major targets & Effects
anterior pituitary; causes release of TSH & prolactin
regulation of release:
other brain areas; low body temp increases; thyroid hormone inhibits
REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY
Somatomedins (IGF-insulin growth factor)
Source:
liver
major targets & Effects
long bones & skeletal muscles; causes growth
regulation of release:
stimulated by GH
REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY
GH-releasing hormone (GHRH); somatocrinin
Source:
hypothalamus
major targets & Effects
anterior pituitary; increases growth hormone release
regulation of release:
other brain areas; sleep & hypoglycemia
REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY
GH-release inhibiting hormone (GHRIH); somatostatin
Source:
hypothalamus
major targets & Effects
anterior pituitary; decreases GH release; also decreases TSH release
regulation of release:
other brain areas
REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY
Cortisol
Source:
adrenal cortex
major targets & Effects
liver, adipose tissue, muscle, raises blood glucose levels
regulation of release:
stimulated by ACTH
REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY
Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
Source:
anterior pituitary
major targets & Effects
adrenal cortex; increases synthesis & secretion of glucocorticoids
regulation of release:
CRH stimulates; glucocorticoids inhibit
REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Source:
hypothalamus
major targets & Effects
anterior pituitary; causes release of ACTH
regulation of release:
other brain areas & negative feedback by cortisol & ACTH
REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY
Leptin
Source:
adipocytes
major targets & Effects
brain; increases satiety & decrease hunger to decrease caloric intake
regulation of release:
stimulated by level of fat storage in adipocytes
REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY
adiponectin
Source:
adipocytes
major targets & Effects
many targets; appears to increase insulin effects (sensitivity); anti-inflammatory & anti arthrogenic
regulation of release:
triglyceride (fat) storage inhibits release; inflammation may inhibit release also
REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY
osteocalcin
Source:
Bone (osteoblasts)
major targets & Effects
pancreas -increases insulin release; increases insulin sensitivity; adipocytes- decreases adiponectin and fat; may increase testosterone production from testis
regulation of release:
sympathetic innervation reduces release; bone remodeling stimulates
REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY
erythropoietin
Source:
Kidney
major targets & Effects
bone marrow; stimulates RBC production
regulation of release:lack of oxygen (hypoxia)
REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY
hepcidin
Source:
liver
major targets & Effects
intestines-reduces iron absorption
regulation of release:
increased by inflammation and iron
DIGESTION
gastrin
Source:
stomach
major targets & Effects
stomach; stimulates gastric motility & HCI secretion
regulation of release:
stimulated by presence of food in the stomach or thoughts/smells of food
DIGESTION
Secretin
Source:
small intestine
major targets & Effects
pancreas& liver; increases HCO3 secretion & potentiates CCK actions at pancreas & liver
regulation of release:
stimulated by presence of chyme in small intestine
DIGESTION
cholescystokinin (CCK)
Source:
small intestine
major targets & Effects
pancreas, liver & gall bladder; increases pancreatic enzyme secretion; causes gall bladder contraction & bile synthesis & secretion; potentiates secretin activity
regulation of release:
stimulated by presence of chyme in small intestine
DIGESTION
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
Source:
small intestine
major targets & Effects
small intestine; increases secretion of electrolytes & smooth muscle relaxation; may cause vasodilation in local area
regulation of release:
stimulated by presence of chyme in small intestine
REPRODUCTION
Oxytocin
Source:
posterior pituitary
major targets & Effects
breasts, urogenital tract; milk ejection, uterine contractions at parturition, smooth muscle contraction during orgasm
regulation of release:
sucking of infant; dilation of cervix; other neural stimuli
REPRODUCTION
prolactin (PRL)
Source:
anterior pituitary
major targets & Effects
breasts; increased milk production
regulation of release: gonadal steroids (P& E) and lactation
REPRODUCTION
Dopamine
Source:
hypothalamus
major targets & Effects
anterior pituitary; inhibits PRL release
regulation of release:
higher brain centers
REPRODUCTION
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Source:
anterior pituitary
major targets & Effects
gonads; causes germ cell maturation & hormone synthesis in the gonads
regulation of release:
GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone) stimulates; gonadal hormones inhibit
REPRODUCTION
luteinizing hormone (LH)
Source:
anterior pituitary
major targets & Effects
gonads; causes germ cell maturation & steroid synthesis
regulation of release:
GnRH stimulates; gonadal steroids inhibit
REPRODUCTION
Gonadotropin releasin hormone (GnIH or RFRP3)
Source:
hypothalamus
major targets & Effects
median eminence and/or pituitary; inhibits release of gonadotropins and /or GnRH
regulation of release:
still under investigation
REPRODUCTION
Testosterone
Source:
testes
ovaries in small amounts
major targets & Effects
testes, brain & other tissues; stimulates sperm production & male secondary sex characteristics & libido
regulation of release:
stimulated by LH in testes
REPRODUCTION
inhibin
Source:
testis or ovary
major targets & Effects
anterior pituitary; decreases release of FSH
regulation of release:
stimulated by FSH in testes and ovaries
REPRODUCTION
estrogen
Source:
ovary
major targets & Effects
ovarian follicle, uterus, brain & other tissues; stimulates follicle maturation, uterus, female secondary sex characteristics
regulation of release:
stimulated by LH & FSH
REPRODUCTION
Progesterone
Source:
ovary
major targets & Effects
uterus, brain & other tissues; stimulates uterus, supports pregnancy & lactation
regulation of release:
stimulated by LH
REPRODUCTION
Melatonin
Source:
pineal gland
major targets & Effects
brain to help regulate rhythms, particularly sasonal changes
regulation of release:
light & biological clock in hypothalamus regulate release
WATER & SALT BALANCE (ALSO BLOOD VOL AND PSI)
Arginine Vasopressin
(AVP)=antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Source:
posterior pituitary
major targets & Effects
kidneys; increases water reabsorption (=less urine)
regulation of release:
blood pressure & osmolarity
WATER & SALT BALANCE (ALSO BLOOD VOL AND PSI)
aldosterone
Source:
adrenal cortex
major targets & Effects
kidney; stimulates retention of Na+
regulation of release:
stimulated by angiotensin II; some stimulation by ACTH
WATER & SALT BALANCE (ALSO BLOOD VOL AND PSI)
angiotensin II (AII)
Source:
conversion in blood
major targets & Effects
adrenal cortex; stimulates the synthesis & release of aldosterone
regulation of release:
fromed from angiotensin I following release of renin into blood stream
WATER & SALT BALANCE (ALSO BLOOD VOL AND PSI)
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP/ANH or Brain NP)
Source:
heart
major targets & Effects
kidney & posterior pituitary; stimulates excretion of Na+ and water by decreasing release and effect of aldosterone and AVP
regulation of release:
stimulated by high blood pressure & stretch of the right atrium (ANP) or ventricle (BNP)
CALCIUM AND BONE REGULATION
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Source:
parathyroid glands
major targets & Effects
bone, intestines & kidneys, increases blood calcium levels
regulation of release:
blood calcium levels
CALCIUM AND BONE REGULATION
vitamin D3=calcitriol
Source:
body plus sunshine
major targets & Effects
bones, intestines & kidneys, increases blood calcium levels
regulation of release:
PTH stimulates; sunshine required
CALCIUM AND BONE REGULATION
Calcitonin
Source:
C cells of thyroid
major targets & Effects
bone; decreases blood calcim levels (only really important in egg-laying animals or animals that live in aquatic environments)
regulation of release:
blood calcium levels
