Urinary System Flashcards
What do the kidneys filter?
Blood
Which 2 hormones are released by the kidney?
- Calcitrol
2. Erythropoetin
List 4 waste products eliminated in urine.
- Amonia & urea
- Bilirubin
- Creatinine
- Uric acid
What are the 3 stages or urine formation?
- Glomerular filtration
- Tubular reabsorption
- Tubular secretion
Why may kidney damage go unnoticed?
Nephrons adapt to cope with increased load
List 5 things that can damage a kidney
- Infection via blood or up urethra
- Physical damage to nephron cells from high BP
- Inflammation by damaged cells
- Blockage in urethra
- Toxins in blood from eg alcohol
How are the ureters protected from the acidic urine?
Goblet cells which secrete mucus
Is the detrusor muscle connected to the somatic or autonomic NS?
Somatic
What signs and symptoms would be characteristic of kidney stones?
Small stones can go unnoticed but larger stones can cause:
- extreme ‘grabbing’ pain
- renal colic (contraction of ureter)
- pain induced nausea / vomiting
- referred pain in groin area
The cause of Cystitis is uncertain. One hypothesis is that it may be an autoimmune disease or allergy. Briefly explain this hypothesis.
Interstitial cystitis (where bladder becomes small and inelastic) is thought may be caused by an autoimmune or allergy that weakens the protective mucous membrane in the bladder’s epithelium - therefore, allowing chemicals in the urine to infiltrate and damage the bute hall.
What is Thrush?
(aka Candidiasis) - it’s a fungal infection which tends to affect the mouth or vagina
- What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (Salpingitis)?
2. What are its common complications?
- PID is an infection of the female reproductive organs.
- Common complications include:
- infertility
- ectopic pregnancies
- chronic pelvic pain
- growth of tuboovarian abscesses which if ruptured can lead to life threatening peritonitis
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia is a common condition in which restricted urinary flow and bladder irritation are often reported. What additional signs / symptoms might lead you to consider a more serious conclusion?
aka prostate enlargement It could be a sign of prostate cancer and should recommend they see a GP if have any of following symptoms: - hard to start urinating - need for frequent urination - wake in night to urinate - sudden urge to urinate - not able to empty bladder fully - blood in urine!!!
