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Anatomy > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary role of the kidney?

A

Filtration; extract and remove metabolic waste from the blood

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2
Q

What are the components of the urinary system?

A
  • Kidney
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
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3
Q

What is peri-renal fat?

A

Found outside of the kidney capsule, protects and insulates (suet)

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4
Q

What is the anterior pole?

A

Rounded end of kidney, cranial end

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5
Q

What is the posterior pole?

A

Rounded end of the kidney, caudal end

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6
Q

What is the hilus?

A

The medial, concave border of the kidney, entrance for blood vessels and ureters

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7
Q

What is the cortex?

A

The outer/peripheral layer inside the kidney

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8
Q

What does the cortex contain?

A

Glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs), and distal convoluted tubules (DCTs)

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9
Q

What is the medulla?

A

The inner layer inside the kidney

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10
Q

What are medullary pyramids?

A

Pyramid-shaped structures that make up the medulla.

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11
Q

What is the outer medullary zone?

A

Dark red base of pyramid, contains loop of Henle and collecting tubules

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12
Q

What is the inner medullary zone?

A

Light tan to cream apex of pyramid, contains collecting tubules only

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13
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

The expanded part of the ureter within the kidney, receives formed urine from collecting tubules

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14
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

The pressure exerted or transmitted by a fluid at rest

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15
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by the flow of water through a semipermeable membrane

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16
Q

What is glomerulonephritis?

A

Any inflammatory condition involving both the glomerulus and the tubules

17
Q

What is nephritis?

A

Inflammation of the tubular part of the nephron including the PCT & DCT and loop of Henle

18
Q

What is hydronephrosis?

A

Fluid accumulation, usually the result of obstruction of a ureter, causing non-inflammatory condition of the nephron. Results in swelling of the ureter(s) and renal pelvis(es) and accumulation of urine in the kidney/nephrons

19
Q

What is cystitis?

A

Inflammation of the wall of the urinary bladder

20
Q

What is uremia?

A

An excess of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein metabolism in the blood, seen in renal disease / failure

21
Q

What is CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease), or CRF (Chronic Renal Failure)?

A

Progressive loss of kidneys’ ability to filter, reabsorb, and secrete substances, to concentrate urine or produce hormones, etc.

22
Q

What is urinary calculi / uroliths?

A

Stones in the urinary tract

23
Q

What is urolithiasis?

A

The condition of having urinary calculi / uroliths

24
Q

What is cystoliths?

A

Uroliths in the bladder

25
Q

What is nephroliths?

A

Uroliths in the kidney

26
Q

What is FUS (Feline Urologic Syndrome), or FLUTD (Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease)?

A

The production of crystals (and possibly cystoliths) and blood in the feline bladder

27
Q

What is UTI (Urinary Tract Infection)?

A

May refer to an infection of the entire urinary tract, but commonly used to refer primarily to the lower urinary tract, or bacterial cystitis

28
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

Infection of the upper urinary tract, specifically the kidney

29
Q

What is a diuretic?

A

Any drug and/or substance which will enhance the output of urine

30
Q

Main components of urine?

A
  • Fluid
  • Wastes
  • Urea
  • Creatinine
  • Nitrates
  • Uric acid
  • Phosphates
  • Any substances which exceed the threshold levels, ie glucose
31
Q

What hormones are produced by the kidney?

A
  • Renin
  • Erythropoietin
  • Anti-diuretic hormone
32
Q

What is renin?

A

A glyco-protein – enzyme, produced by juxtaglomerular cells. Acts upon biologically inactive protein substance called Angiotensinogen, changes it to Angiotensin I -> II -> III. Angiotensin III constricts blood vessels, increasing blood pressure, and acts upon adrenal glands to release hormone called Aldosterone. Which circulates blood to the kidney and acts upon the tubules to increase the reabsorption of sodium, which helps increase blood pressure

33
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

A glyco-protein produced in the glomerulus in response to reduced oxygen levels in the afferent arterioles. Stimulates bone marrow to increase red blood cell formation

34
Q

What is anti-diuretic hormone?

A

Secreted in a special area of the brain called the hypothalamus including response to intercellular osmolarity.

Anatomy (2 decks)

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