Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
functional unit of kidney
A
Nephron
2
Q
smallest unit that can be split into parts without ruining its function
A
functional unit
3
Q
how many kidney, ureter, and urethra does a human body have?
A
2 kidney, 2 ureters, 1 urethra
4
Q
How to identify whether the Urinary System is anterior or posterior?
A
based on the inferior vena cava (right side), descending aorta (left)
5
Q
which pelvic bone can be found anteriorly?
A
pubis
6
Q
what is the space called where the kidneys are located behind the peritoneum
A
retroperitoneal space
7
Q
the smell of pee is caused by the interaction of ____ and _____
A
urea; bacteria
8
Q
normal pH range of blood?
A
7.35-7.45
9
Q
which organ filters blood
A
kidney
10
Q
tough, fibrous layer that surrounds the kidney
A
renal capsule
11
Q
it is the outer region of the kidney
A
renal cortex
12
Q
shape of renal sinus
A
funnel
13
Q
the renal pyramids converge to ______
A
renal papilla
14
Q
it separates the renal pyramids
A
renal columns
15
Q
renal pelvis can be found in the _____
A
renal hilum
16
Q
which arteriole in the kidney have oxygenated blood? (afferent arteriole or efferent arteriole)
A
Both.
17
Q
numerous tuft of capillaries can be found in the ______ of the kidney
A
glomerulus
18
Q
to contract and expel urine from the bladder during urination
A
Detrusor muscle
19
Q
list of nerve endings that will tell you to pee
A
trigone
20
Q
what urethral sphincter is voluntary and what is involuntary?
A
voluntary - external
involuntary - internal
21
Q
general parts of the urinary system
A
2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder, 1 urethra
22
Q
- receive 25% of the cardiac output
A
2 kidneys
23
Q
major excretory organs of the urinary system; produce urine fluid containing water, ions, and small soluble substances
A
2 kidneys
24
Q
receives urine from the kidneys
A
ureters
25
**ureters** conduct urine to the urinary bladder by _____ and ______.
gravity; peristalsis
26
27
- Receives and stores urine
- Contraction of muscle in walls drives _urination_
urinary bladder
28
conducts urine from the bladder to outside the body
urethra
29
- Adjusting blood volume and blood pressure
- Regulating blood plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride and other ions
- Stabilizing blood pH
- Conserving valuable nutrients by preventing their loss in urine
- Removing drugs and toxins from the bloodstream
FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
30
physical properties of kidney
paired, reddish, kidney bean-shaped
31
kidney is a _______ organ because it is located posterior to the ________ of the abdominal cavity
RETROPERITONEAL; Peritoneum
32
kidneys are located between the levels of what vertebrae?
last thoracic vertebrae; third lumbar vertebrae
33
the kidneys are partially protected by what ribs?
11th and 12th
34
_____ kidney is slightly lower than left because of the ____ occupying the space on the right side above the kidney
right; liver
35
What is the indentation located at the center of the kidneys called?
renal hilum
36
- Innermost layer
- Smooth, transparent sheet of Dense irregular connective tissue continuous with the outer coat of the ureter
- Serve as a barrier for trauma
- Helps maintain the shape of the kidney
Renal Capsule (Fibrous Capsule)
37
- Middle layer
- Mass of fatty tissue surrounding the renal capsule
- Protects the kidney from trauma and holds it firmly in place within the abdominal cavity
Adipose Capsule (Perinephric Fat)
38
- Outermost layer
- Thin layer of Dense irregular connective tissue
- Anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures and to the abdominal wall
Renal Fascia (Gerota’s Fascia)
39
Covers the outer surface of the kidney
Fibrous capsule (layer of collagen fibers)
40
what are the connective tissues supporting the kidney
perinephric fat, renal fascia
41
coverings of the kidney
Renal Capsule (Fibrous Capsule), Adipose Capsule (Perinephric Fat), Renal Fascia (Gerota’s Fascia)
42
- dense, fibrous outer layer
- Anchors the kidney to surrounding structures
Renal Fascia
43
Thick layer of adipose tissue that supports the kidney
perinephric fat
44
2 regions of the internal antomy of kidney
renal cortex and renal medulla
45
it is the superficial region of kidney
renal cortex
46
it is the inner region of the kidney
renal medulla
47
- Superficial, light red region
- Smooth texture
- Extends from renal capsule, the bases of renal pyramids and into bases between them
renal cortex
48
- Deep, darker reddish brown inner region
- Consist of several **Renal Pyramids** (conical structure in the medulla)
renal medulla
49
the renal medulla is composed of several **renal pyramids** . Each pyramid is ___ shaped and has :
shape: cone
- base (wider end)
- apex (narrower end)
50
the apex of a renal pyramid is aka
**renal papilla** (tip of the pyramid)
Points towards the renal hilum
51
separates adjacent pyramids
Renal Column of Bertini
52
Portions of cortex that extend between the renal pyramids
Renal Column of Bertini
53
Renal Cortex and Renal pyramids of renal medulla constitute the _____ or the functional portion of the kidney
parenchyma
54
Within the parenchyma are millions of ______
Nephrons
55
Medial indentation in the kidney
hilum
56
collects urine from a single kidney lobe
minor calyx
57
Forms from the fusion of 4-5 minor calyces
major calyx
58
- Funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from major calyces
- Continuous with the ureter
Renal Pelvis
59
Filtrate formed by the nephrons drain into large _____ ducts which extend through the renal papillae of the pyramids
papillary
60
Pathway of filtrate/urine:
Collecting duct -> Papillary Ducts -> Minor Calyces -> Major Calyces -> Renal Pelvis -> Ureters -> Urinary Bladder
61
Once the filtrate enters the _____, It becomes urine because no further ______- can occur
calyces; reabsorption
62
2 components of microscopic anatomy of nephron
renal corpuscle, renal tubule
63
- Blood pressure forces water and solutes out of the glomerular capillaries in a process called **filtration**
- Collected in the surrounding **capsular space**
renal corpuscle
64
Produces **filtrate** (protein-free solution, similar to blood plasma)
capsular space
65
Blood pressure forces water and solutes out of the glomerular capillaries in a process called
filtration
66
- Tubular passageway up to 50mm long
- Receives filtrate and modifies it to create urine
renal tubule
67
RENAL TUBULE
- Tubular passageway up to 50mm long
- Receives _____ and modifies it to create _____
filtrate; urine
68
- Glomerular Capsule (Bowman’s Capsule)
- Capillary network (glomerulus)
Renal Corpuscle
69
Reabsorbs nutrients from the filtrate (tubular fluid)
Proximal convoluted Tubule (PCT)
70
- Establishes osmotic gradient for water reabsorption
- Each limb contains a thin segment and a thick segment
Nephron Loop
71
Adjust tubular fluid composition by reabsorption and secretion
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
72
- Series of tubes carrying tubular fluid away from the nephron
- Collecting duct
- Papillary duct
Collecting system
73
This duct has specialized cells
collecting duct (intercalated cell and principal cell)
74
reabsorb water and secrete potassium
principal cell
74
this duct generally lacks specialized cells
papillary duct
75
play a role in secreting and reabsorbing hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
intercalated cells
76
- Collects fluid from multiple collecting ducts
- Delivers fluid to minor calyx
Papillary Duct
77
- 80-85% of all nephrons
- Located primarily in the cortex
- Responsible for most regulatory functions
- Renal corpuscles lie in the outer portion of renal cortex
- short nephron loop that lie mainly in the cortex
- short nephron loop receive blood supply from peritubular capillaries
- Penetrate only into the outer region of the renal medulla
cortical nephrons
77
2 Types of Nephrons
cortical nephron, juxtamedullary nephrons
77
- 15-20% of all nephrons
- Renal corpuscles lie deep in the cortex, close to the medulla
- Long nephron loop extending deep into medulla
- Long nephron loop receive blood supply from peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
- Essential to producing concentrated urine
Juxtamedullary nephrons
77
**ARTERIAL SYSTEM**
____ artery delivers blood to kidney, branching into:
____ arteries in the renal sinus
RENAL; Segmental
