Urinary System Flashcards
Lecture 1 (questions from clsss included)
what can cause increase rbc in urine
hemorrhage, inflammation, necrosis, trauma, ect…
what causes fatty cast in urine
nephrotic syndrome
crush injuries
most commonly received specimen; collected at anytime
Random Specimen
normal specific gravity
1.002 - 1.035
composition of hyaline cast
Tamm-horsfall
number of particles of solute per unit of solution
osmolality
in dipstick method, what takes the longest and how long a test takes
Leucocyte esterase for 2 mins
ideal screening specimen
First Morning Specimen
describe triple phosphate crystal
coffin-lid
average adult urine volume
600 to 2000 m/day
normal WBCs count
> 5 wbc/hpf
proteinuria qualification for moderate proteinuria
1-4 g/day
confirmatory test for ketones
nitroprusside table test
if pseudomonas is present, what is the color of the urine?
Green / blue green
urine specimen used for pediatric specimen
routine specimen, catheterized, suprapubic aspiration
how to identify fatty cast
- highly refractile
-if polarized, Maltis cross is visible
specimen best used for pregnancy test
First-morning Specimen
negative nitrate, no change in color, showing UTI, and positive in Leucocyte esterase still indicate that urine has infection. what makes the nitrite negative if bacteria/infraction is present?
there are some bacteria that has less or does not produce nitrite
describe clue cells
surface and edges contain gardnerella vaginalis
- a direct method for measuring SG
- a method that utilizes a specially designed column filled with water immiscinle oil
falling drop method
predominant leucocyte seen in urine
Neutrophil
normal urine pH
4.6 - 8.0
urine is obtained by a needle through the abdomen into to bladder
Suprapubic Aspiration
the time the urine specimen be delivered to the laboratory and tested
within 2 hours
an accurate quantitative test
24 hr urine
it regulates the balance between water and electrolytes and the acid-base balance
Urinary System
in osmolality, what is the normal intake in normal adult
500 - 850 mOsm/kg
normal count of glucose in urine
180 - 200 mg/dL
responsible for the yellow color of the urine and is considered the normal color of uri
urochrome
normal odor of urine
faint, aromatic odor of undetermined source
principle of urine dipstick automatically
Reflectometer/reflectometry
a chemical procedure to screen weathera subject abuses drugs and to identify specific drug being used
drug testing
Recommend tube size
10 - 15ml
> 2000 ml/24 hr signifies
Polyuria
what is the step to do when the specimen cannot be tested right away
Refrigerate
what makes the nitrate positive in test
presence of bacteria
what is the recommended capacity of container used in urine specimen
50 ml
how to collect pre and post massage test
1st. collect midstream clean-catch
2nd. perform prostatic massage
3rd. collect 2nd specimen
most frequently observed cast
hyaline cast
the process that provides documentation of proper sample identification from the time of collection to the receipt of laboratory results
chain fo custody (coc)
differentiate rbc from yeast
- yeast Is observed in budding formation and the presence of nucleus
- yeast are smaller than rbc
differentiate pathologic and non pathologic turbidity
the presence of bacteria, infection, disease and contamination in pathologic turbid urine while non for non-pathologic
the fat globules appear in the urine
Lipiduria
what do you call wbc during hypotonic urine
Glitter cells
what is indicates an orange reaction in dipstick
Urobilinogen
confirmatory test for bilirubin
Diazo Table test
proteinuria qualification for heavy proteinuria
> 4 g/day
functional unit of the kidney
Nephrons
what is the meaning of false-positive and false-negative for glucose
- False-positive: strongly oxidizing clearing agent in the urine container
- False-negative: sodium fluoride, highly specific gravity, ascorbic acid
proteinuria qualification for minimal proteinuria
> 4 g/day
method to detect reducing sugar in urine
Copper reduction test
confirmatory test for proteinuria/ protein
precipitation method
normal rbc count
0 - 2 rbc/hpf
describe calcium oxalate crystals
octahedral
describe ammonium biurate crystals
pink - brownish granules, no definite shape
how to do 24 hr urine
1st. discard first voided urine
2nd. start collect urine sample after discarding 1st voided
3rd. collect last urine sample
- refrigerate and add preservatives
- transfer urine to lab
- should be tested within 2 hrs
an alternative to catheterized specimen that is a safer and less traumatic method for obtaining urine for bacterial culture and routine urinalysis
Midstream Clean-catch
what are the crystals found in normal acidic urine
uric acid, amorphous urates, calcium oxalate
describe and define chyuria
- urine contain lymph
- appears milky
- cause by obstraction of rupture of lyphatic vessels
- associated with W. broncrofti (filiariasis)
test takes the shortest and how short the test takes
Glucose for 30 secs
methods to identify specific gravity
reagent strip, reflectometer, urinometer, falling drop method
primary method for chemical exam of urine
reagent strip
substances that will cause red color in urine
hemoglobin
what is the principle for reagent strip for detecting pH
protein error
measures reflective index solution
reflectometry
how can you identify positive in three glass collection
- if 2nd specimen is positive, disregard 3rd specimen as it may appear as the 3rd specimen is contaminated
- 3rd specimen is considered positive only when the wbc/hpf count is 10x the 1st specimen
normal urine protein content
2 to 10 mg
Levels of proteinuria
- Minimal Proteinuria: <4 g/day
- Moderate Proteinuria: 1 - 4 g/day
- Heavy Proteinuria: >4 g/day
what is the most common urine specimen for bacterial culture
Catherterized Specimen
