Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AUBF > Cerebrospinal Fluid > Flashcards

Cerebrospinal Fluid Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two most routinely used techniques for measuring total CSF protein

A

turbidity production or dye binding ability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

WBC that is common in cases of viral, tubular and fungal meningitis

A

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

three main meninges

A

Dura, mater, arachnoid, pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

WBC seen in serious complication of acute leukemias

A

Lymphoblasts, myeloblasts and monoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Acid-fast or fluorescent antibody stains can identify

A

possible tubercular
meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

why do CSF glucose specimen be tested immediately

A

because glycolysis
occurs rapidly in CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

from the lining of the ventricles and neutral canal

A

ependymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

routinely used for performing CSF
cell counts

A

Neubauer counting chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

yellow hematoidin crystals represent

A

further degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Specimens are collected in three sterile tubes, which are labeled 1,
2, and 3 in the order in which they are withdrawn. specify the three tubes

A

Tube 1: for Chemical and Serologic tests because these tests
are least affected by blood or bacteria introduced as a result
of the tap procedure.

Tube 2: Microbiology Laboratory

Tube 3: for Cell Collection, because it is the least likely to
contain cells introduced by the spinal tap procedure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

produced from ammonia and a-ketoglutarate by the
brain cells

A

Glutamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

these may not present in serum but neurologic disorder that produce
oligoclonal banding

A

encephalitis, neurosyphilis, Guillain-Barré
syndrome, and neoplastic disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Increased glutamine means there is

A

increased ammonia (toxic to CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

represent lining from the arachnoid

may be seen with systemic malignancies

A

spindle-shaped cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cells from primary CNS tumors include

A

astrocytomas,
retinoblastomas, and medulloblastomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

during viral infection in conjunction with normal cell. what is the appearance of lymphocytes

A

Reactive lymphocytes containing increased dark blue cytoplasm
and clumped chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

abnormally low values of CSF protein indicates

A

fluid is leaking from the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

provide a more sensitive method than the India ink
preparation

A

Latex agglutination tests:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

detects oligoclonal bands, which represent inflammation within
the CNS

A

Electrophoresis and Immunophoretic Techniques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

causes of elevated CSF protein

A
  • damage to the blood–brain barrier
  • immunoglobulin production within the CNS
  • decreased normal protein clearance from the fluid
  • neural tissue degeneration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

source of CSF

where CSF is made and produced

A

Choroid plexuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

normal CSF volume in neonates/infant

A

10-60 ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

reference value of CSF glucose

A

60% to 70% plasma glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

detect the presence of neutrosyphilis

A

Serologic Testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

recommended serologic test

A

Venereal Disease Research Laboratories (VDRL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

ar

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

normal opening pressure for infants and young children

A

90-180 mm of water in lateral
10-100 mm of water → attains adult level by 6-8 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

degradation of the phagocytized RBCs appears

A

Dark blue or Black iron containing hemosiderin granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

known as gentle mother

a thin membrane lining the surface of the brain and spinal cord

A

pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what causes the presence of Xanthochromia

A

presence of RBC degradation products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

microbiology method for CSF

A

Gram stain, acid-fast stain, India ink preparation, and
latex agglutination tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

where can you collect or what part of the body can you collect CSF

A

third, fourth or fifth lumber vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what solution to lyse RBC

A

3% glacial acetic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what causes Low CSF glucose

A

alterations in the mechanisms of glucose
transport across the blood–brain barrier and by increased
use of glucose by the brain cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

protein index value of <9 is indicative/represent

A

represents an intact blood brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what to do If >200 mm H2O opening pressure

A

no more than 2 ml withdrawn
Elevated pressure = withdraw fluid slowly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

WBC that are seen in the early stages (1-2 days) of viral, fungal, tubercular and parasitic meningitis

A

Neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what tube is to be collected first if there is only one tube collected

A

Microbiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

two or more oligoclonal bands that are not present in the serum is indicative of

A

multiple sclerosis (particularly when accompanied by an increased
IgG index)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

provides a highly concentrated specimen for Gram
stains

A

Cytocentrifuge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

normal CSF produced in adults

A

20 ml/hr (Henry’s: 0.3-0.4 ml/min)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

normal opening pressure for adults

A

90-180 mm of water
decubitus position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

High CSF WBC count neutrophils indicative of

A

bacterial meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

> 35mg/dL CSG glutamine causes

A

disturbance of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

csf protein > 0.70 is indicative of

A

IgG production within the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Recommended Method for diff count in all body fluids

A

Cytocentrifugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

in cytocentrifuge, what stain and solution is currently bein used

A

0.2 mL saline and two drops of the 30% albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

normal CSF appearance

A

Crystal-clear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

concentration of ammonia in the CSF increases result in

A

a. supply of a-ketoglutarate becomes depleted
b. glutamine can no longer be produced to remove the toxic
ammonia
c. coma ensues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what causes false elevated results in CSF lactate

A

xanthochromic or
hemolyzed fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

in cytocentrifuge. what should be done if there is to many cells on one slide

A

repeat chamber count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

appear within 2 - 4 hrs after RBCs enter the CSF and are frequently seen following repeated taps

A

Macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

normal volume in adults

A

90-150 ml in adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

> 25mg/dL of CSF lactate is indicative of

A

bacterial, tubercular, and fungal meningitis

55
Q

increase macrophage indicates

A

previous hemorrhage

56
Q

> 35mg/dL of CSF lactate is indicative of

A

bacterial meningitis

57
Q

specimen storage for csf according to the three tubes

A

Hematology tubes: refrigerated

Microbiology tubes: room temperature

Chemistry and serology: frozen

58
Q

arachnoid granulations act as

A

act as one-way valves that
respond to pressure within the central nervous system (CNS) and
prevent reflux of the fluid

59
Q

detect the presence of C. neoformans
antigen in serum

A

Latex agglutination tests

60
Q

provide a rapid method for detecting C.
neoformans

A

Lateral Flow Assay (LAF)

61
Q

what are the Three visual examinations of the collected specimens can usually
determine whether the blood is the result of hemorrhage or a
traumatic tap

A

Uneven Blood Distribution, Clot Formation and
Xanthochromic Supernatant

62
Q

Its presence indicates recent destruction of the myelin sheath that
protects the axons of the neurons (demyelination)

A

Myelin Basic Protein

63
Q

what causes orange xanthochromia

A

heavy hemolysis

64
Q

increase protein or lipid concentration, may also indicate infection

A

Cloudy/turbid

65
Q

what stains the WBC

A

methylene blue - providing better differentiation between neutrophils and
mononuclear cells

66
Q

to measure IgG synthesis within the
CNS

A

CSF IgG index

67
Q

what is the purpose of a macrophage

A

remove cellular debris and foreign objects such
as RBCs

68
Q

supernatant that is pink, orange, or yellow

A

Xanthochromia

69
Q

High CSF WBC count lymphocytes and monocytes indicative of

A

meningitis of
viral, tubercular, fungal, or parasitic origin

70
Q

what are cells normally found in CSF

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

71
Q

it is still the recommended method for detecting
MOs

A

Gram stain

72
Q

capillary networks that form the CSF from
plasma by mechanisms of selective filtration under hydrostatic
pressure and active transport secretion

A

Choroid Plexuses

73
Q

what causes yellow xanthochromia

A

conversion of oxyhemoglobin to unconjugated bilirubin

74
Q

what should be done to To ensure that the maximum number of cells is available for
examinating

A

the specimen should be concentrated before
preparing the smear

75
Q

Low CSF glucose indicates

A

considerable diagnostic value in determining the
causative agents in meningitis

76
Q

most common cause
of false-positive reactions in latex agglutination test

A

Interference by rheumatoid factor

77
Q

what indicates a pink Xanthochromia

A

very slight amount of oxyhemoglobin

78
Q

most frequently associated with its role in providing
diagnostic information about the type of microorganism that
is causing an infection of the meninges (meningitis)

A

Pleocytosis

79
Q

Total CSF volume is replaced every (hours, minutes, days)

A

5 - 7 hours

80
Q

what indicates If WBC are lymphocytes

A

tubercular meningitis is suspected

81
Q

most frequently encountered bacteria in CSF

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae (gram-positive cocci)
  • Haemophilus influenzae (pleomorphic gram-negative rods)
  • Escherichia coli (gram-negative rods)
  • Neisseria meningitidis (gram-negative cocci)
82
Q

the result of blood that has been present longer than that introduced by the traumatic tap when RBCs remains in the CSF for approximately 2 hours before noticeable hemolysis begins

A

Xanthochromic Supernatant

83
Q

presence of increased numbers of normal cells is
considered abnormal, as is the finding of immature leukocytes,
eosinophils, plasma cells, macrophages, increased tissue cells, and
malignant cells

A

Pleocytosis

84
Q

Dilutions for total cell counts are made with

A

Dilutions for total cell counts are made with normal saline →
mixed by inversion → loaded into the hemocytometer with a
Pasteur pipette.

85
Q

what causes false-negative in gram stain for CSF

A

Overlooking MOs due to low number

86
Q

two types of grossly bloody CSF

A

Intracranial hemorrhage and traumatic top

87
Q

where the circulating fluid is
reabsorbed back into the blood capillaries

A

Arachnoid Granulations/Villae

88
Q

what causes false-positive in gram stain for CSF

A
  • Precipitated stain or debris mistaken for MOs
  • false-positive reports can occur if precipitated stain or debris
    is mistaken for microorganisms
89
Q

Differentiate intracranial hemorrhage and traumatic tap

A

intracranial hemorrhage
- blood will evenly distributed throughout three CSF specimen tubes
- Not enough fibrinogen to clot

traumatic tap
- heaviest concentration of blood in tube 1, less in tube 2 and tube 3
- forms clot due to presence of plasma fibrinogen

90
Q

what must be made in order to determine whether IgG is increased
because it is being produced within the CNS or is elevated as the
result of a defect in the blood–brain barrier

A

comparisons between serum and CSF levels of albumin and IgG

91
Q

Supply nutrients to nervous tissue

Remove metabolic wastes

Mechanical barrier to cushion brain and spinal cord against trauma

Physical support (lessens weight)

Pathywayfor hormones and other substances from the

hypothalamus to mediameminence

A

CSF

92
Q

commonly use in detecting and identifying microorganisms in CSF

A

Latex agglutination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA)

93
Q

Normal CSF glucose value with increased number of lymphocytes is indicative of

A

viral meningitis

94
Q

serves to remove the toxic metabolic waste product ammonia
from the CNS

A

Glutamine

95
Q

located between the arachnoid and pia mater

A

Subarachnoid space

96
Q

a test that analyzing CSF is to identify the causative agent in meningitis

A

microbiology test

97
Q

Motile trophozoites can be observed microscopically by
examining a wet preparation of CSF

A

Naegleria fowleri

98
Q

increase lymphocytes is indicative of

A

asymptomatic HIV infection and AIDS

elevated WBC count (less than 50 WBCs/ L) with increased normal
and reactive lymphocytes and plasma cells = multiple sclerosis or
other degenerative neurologic disorders

99
Q

known as the hard mother

is the outer later of the meninges that lines the skull and certebral

A

Dura mater

100
Q

why is cell count on CSF be performed immediately

A

because WBCs
(particularly granulocytes) and RBCs begin to lyse within 1 hour,
and 40% of the leukocytes disintegrate after 2 hours

101
Q

detect the presence of thickly encapsulated Crypto coccus
neoformans

A

India Ink

102
Q

< 25mg/dL of CSF lactate is indicative of

A

viral meningitis

103
Q

frequently used to monitor severe head injuries

A

CSF Lactate

104
Q

how can you remove a volume of CSF

A

volume of CSF that can be removed is based on the volume
available in the patient (adult vs. neonate) and the opening
pressure of the CSF, measured when the needle first enters the
subarachnoid space

Up to 20 ml of CSF may normally be removed

105
Q

a WBC cell count in CSF that has an automation increases precision, standardization, and faster
turnaround time for results

A

Neubauer counting chamber

106
Q

These techniques are also the method of choice when
determining whether a fluid is actually CSF - More sensitive, Better resolution, Does not require specimen
concentration

A

CSF immunofixation
electrophoresis (IFE) and isoelectricfocusing (IEF) followed by
silver staining

107
Q

How to monitor Myelin Basic Protein

A

measuring the amount of MBP in the CSF

108
Q

Gram stain for possible fungal meningitis appears

A

classic starburst
appearance

109
Q

a test in identifying bacteria in CSF that is not as sensitive to N. meningitidis
as it is to the other organisms

A

Bacterial antigen test (BAT)

110
Q

cell that is routinely performed don CSF

A

Leukocyte (WBC)

111
Q

Markedly Decreased CSF glucose accompanied by an increased
WBC count and a large percentage of neutrophils is indicative of

A

bacterial
meningitis

112
Q

neutrophil with pyknotic is indicative of

A

degenerating cells

113
Q

method used for Myelin Basic Protein

A

Immunoassay

114
Q

Normal concentration of glutamine in the CSF

A

8 - 18 mg/dL

115
Q

India ink can detect/identify

A

possible fungal meningitis

116
Q

routinely performed on CSF from all suspected cases of
meningitis, although its value lies in detecting bacterial and fungal
organisms

A

Gram Stain

117
Q

known spiderweb-like

a filamentous inner memberane

A

arachnoid

118
Q

why is CSF Gram stain is one of the most difficult slides to interpret

A

because the number of organisms present is usually small, and they
can easily be overlooked, resulting in a false negative report

119
Q

Preferred method for CSF glutamine

A

direct measurement of CSF ammonia

120
Q

normal WBC count CSF for newborn

A

30 mononuclear cells(WBC)/uL

121
Q

a tight-fitting structure of the endothelial cells in the choroid
plexuses

A

Blood-brain barrier (BBB)

122
Q

normal WBC count CSF for adult

A

0 - 5 WBC/uL

123
Q

Elevated levels of CSF glutamine is associated with

A

liver disorders that result in
increased blood and CSF ammonia

124
Q

protects the brain from chemicals and other substances circulating the blood that could allow the brain tissue

A

Blood-brain barrier (BBB)

125
Q

what causes increase CSF lactic acid level

A

hypoxia

126
Q

in cerebrospinal protein, what should be done in low protein level specimen

A

specimen must be concentrated
first

127
Q

not recommended serologic test

A

Rapid plasma regain (RPR) test

128
Q

ratio of predominant leucocytes to monocytes in adults

A

70:30

129
Q

elevated CSF protein is indicative of

A

Meningitis and hemorrhage conditions that damage the bbb

130
Q

during cytocentrifuge, what solution is added/combined to a 0.1 mL of CSF to produce an adequate cell yield

A

one drop of 30%
albumin

131
Q

to examine a bloody fluid for the presence of xanthochromia:

A

fluid should be centrifuged in a microhematocrit tube and
the supernatant examined against a white background

132
Q

if found in the epithelial lining of the choroid plexus

A

Choroidal cells

133
Q

laboratory method that separates proteins
based on their physical properties

A

Electrophores

134
Q

in cytocentrifuge. what should be done if there is to little cells on one slide

A

prepare new slide

AUBF (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions