Urinary System

Question 1

What are the functions of the kidney?

Answer 1

1. Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water
2. Regulating ECF ion concentrations
3. Ensuring long-term acid-base balance
4. Removal of metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs

Question 2

In endocrine functions, it regulates blood pressure

Answer 2

Renin

Question 3

In endocrine functions, it regulates red blood cells production

Answer 3

Erythropoietin

Question 4

Major excretory organs

Answer 4

KidneySssssssss
-dapat may “s”

Question 5

It transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

Answer 5

Kidney

Question 6

It transports urine out of the body

Answer 6

Urethra

Question 6

It is a temporary storage reservoir for urine

Answer 6

Urinary Bladder

Question 7

Granular-appearing superficial region

Answer 7

Renal cortex

Question 8

composed of cone-shaped

Answer 8

Renal medulla

Question 9

Pyramids separated by
— inward extensions of cortical tissue

Answer 9

Renal Columns

Question 10

What do you call the infection of the renal pelvis and calyces?

Answer 10

Pyelitis

Question 11

What do you call the infection/inflammation of the ENTIRE kidney?

Answer 11

Pyelonephritis
- normally -successfully treated with antibiotics

Question 12

• Kidneys cleanse blood; and adjust its composition into a rich blood supply
• Renal arteries deliver ~ ¼ (1200 ml) of cardiac output to kidneys each minute
• Arterial flow into and venous flow out of kidneys follow similar paths
• Nerve supply via sympathetic fibers from RENAL PLEXUS

Answer 12

renal plexus

Question 13

Aorta = Renal artery =
Segmental artery = Interlobar artery = Arcuate artery = Cortical radiate artery=
Afferent arteriole = Glomerulus (capillaries) =

Efferent arteriole =
Peritubular capillaries or vasa recta =
Cortical radiate vein =
Arcuate vein =
Interlobar vein =
Renal vein =
Inferior vena cava

Answer 13

Path of blood flow through renal blood vessels

Question 13

Structural and functional units that form urine
> 1 million per kidney

Answer 13

Nephrons

Question 14

The two main parts of a nephron

Answer 14

-Renal Corpuscle
-Renal Tubule

Question 15

Two parts renal corpuscle

Answer 15

-Glomerulus
-Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)

Question 16

• Tuft of capillaries; fenestrated endothelium
• highly porous, allows filtrate formation

Answer 16

Glomerulus

Question 17

Cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus

Answer 17

Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)

Question 18

What type of epithelium does the parietal layer have in the glomerular capsule?

Answer 18

simple squamous epithelium

Question 19

________ it refers to the branching epithelial podocytes

Answer 19

Visceral Layer

Question 19

forms extensions terminate in foot processes that cling to the basement membrane

Answer 19

Podocytes

Question 19

FILTRATION SLITS between foot processes allow filtrate to pass into _____________

Answer 19

CAPSULAR SPACE

Question 20

Cuboidal cells with DENSE MICROVILLI (brush border  surface area); large mitochondria

FUNCTIONS in reabsorption and secretion

Confined to cortex

Answer 20

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 21

Cuboidal cells with VERY FEW microvilli Function MORE IN SECRETION than reabsorption Confined to cortex

Answer 21

Distal convoluted tubule

Question 22

Sparse, short microvilli Maintain water and Na+ balance

Answer 22

Principal cells

Question 23

Cuboidal cells; abundant microvilli; two types - A and B; both help maintain the acid-base balance of blood

Answer 23

Intercalated cells

Question 24

85% of nephrons; almost entirely in cortex

Answer 24

Cortical nephrons

Question 25

- Long nephron loops deeply invade medulla - Ascending limbs have thick and thin segments - Important in production of concentrated urine

Answer 25

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 26

produces cell- and protein-free filtrate

Answer 26

Glomerular filtration

Question 27

Selectively returns 99% of substances from filtrate to blood in renal tubules and collecting ducts

Answer 27

Tubular reabsorption

Question 28

Selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts

Answer 28

Tubular secretion

Question 29

- Passive process - No metabolic energy required - Hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through filtration membrane - No reabsorption into capillaries of glomerulus

Answer 29

Glomerular Filtration

Question 30

Water reabsorbed by osmosis, aided by water-filled pores called

Answer 30

aquaporins

Question 31

interaction of filtrate flow in ascending/descending limbs of nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons

Answer 31

Countercurrent multiplier

Question 32

Blood flow in ascending/descending limbs of vasa recta

Answer 32

Countercurrent exchanger

Question 32

substance not reabsorbed so water remains in urine, e.g., high glucose of diabetic patient

Answer 32

Osmotic diuretics

Question 33

- used to determine GFR To detect glomerular damage To follow progress of renal disease

Answer 33

Renal clearance tests

Question 34

Chronic renal disease - GFR < 60 ml/min for 3 months E.g., in diabetes mellitus; hypertension Renal failure – GFR < 15 ml/min Causes uremia – ionic and hormonal imbalances; metabolic abnormalities; toxic molecule accumulation Treated with hemodialysis or transplant

Question 35

Color and transparency Clear Cloudy may indicate urinary tract infection Pale to deep yellow from ? Pigment from hemoglobin breakdown; more concentrated urine  deeper color

Answer 35

Urochrome

Question 36

Bladder shrinks; loss of bladder tone is? ___ and ___

Answer 36

nocturia and incontinence