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ABDO > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

the kidneys are located in the

A

retroperitoneum

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2
Q

The urinary system comprises of:

A

kidneys - 2
ureters - 2
urinary bladder - 1
urethra - 1

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3
Q

How big are the kidneys

A

9-12 cm long
5 cm wide
2.5cm thick

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4
Q

Renal hilum

A

vertical indentation on the medial surface of each kidney where the renal artery enters and the ureters, renal vein and lymphatics exit

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5
Q

gerota fascia

A

renal fascia
layer of connective tissue encapsulating the kidneys

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6
Q

3 layers of tissue surrounds the kidneys

A
  1. inner - true capsule
  2. perinephric fat
  3. perinephric fascia - Gerota fascia
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7
Q

Anterior to R. Kidney

A

right adrenal gland
liver
morison’s pouch
duodenum
right colic flexure

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8
Q

anterior to L. kidney

A

left adrenal gland
spleen
stomach
panc
left colic flexure and coils of jejunum

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9
Q

posterior R. kidney

A

diaphragm
costodiaphragmatic recess of the pleura
12th rib
psoas muscle
quadratus lumborum
transversus abdominis muscle

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10
Q

functional unit of kidney

A

nephron

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11
Q

Kidney cortex

A

outer region of the kidney
one million blood filtering nephrons
darker than medulla - blood perfusion
glomerulus and convoluted tubules

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12
Q

kidney medulla

A

inner region of the kidney
renal pyramids separated by renal columns

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13
Q

kidney pelvis

A

basin-like area
major calyces - collect urine from nephrons
upper end of ureter

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14
Q

role of nephron

A

functional unit of kidney
filter blood and produce urine

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15
Q

renal pelvis - major calyces - minor calyces - renal papilla - renal pyramids

A
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16
Q

2 main structures of nephron

A

renal corpuscle
renal tubule

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17
Q

renal corpuscle

A

network of capillaries (glomerulus) surrounded by a bowman’s capsule

located in renal cortex

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18
Q

afferent arteriole

A

connects the renal arter to the glomerular capillary network
flows into the glomerulus
controls blood pressure

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19
Q

efferent arteriole

A

carry filtered blood from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries that surround the renal tubule

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20
Q

renal tubule

A

part of nephron that leads away from the glomerulus

-proximal convoluted tubule
-loop of henle
- distal convoluted tubules

21
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

resorption of sugar, sodium and chloride ions, water from the glomerular filtrate

22
Q

loop of henle

A

only part that dips in the medullary pyramids
keeping a concentration gradiant to reabsorb sodium and water from filtrate

23
Q

distal convoluted tubules

A

cells that line it are able to pump harmful substances from the blood to urine

24
Q

arterial supply

A

Renal artery off the AO
Anterior artery & Posterior artery
Segmental arteries
Interlobal arteries
Arcuate arteries
Interlobular arteries
(afferent arterioles, glomerulus, efferent arterioles)

25
Q

venous drainage

A

interlobular veins
arcuate veins
interlobar veins
segmental veins
anterior & posterior veins
main renal vein drain into IVC

26
Q

which vein travels transversely across the body, anterior to AO and posterior to SMA

A

left renal vein

27
Q

lymphatic vessels follow

A

the renal artery to the lateral AO lymph nodes near the origin of the renal artery

28
Q

ureter

A

bilateral tubes, 8-10 inches long
carry urine from kidneys to the bladder

29
Q

Where do the ureters enter the bladder?

A

posteriorly

30
Q

ureteropelvic junction

A

junction between the pelvis and the ureters

31
Q

ureterovesical junction

A

between the ureter and the bladder

32
Q

what muscle controls bladder flow

A

detrusor muscle

33
Q

Where is the first site of filtration in the kidneys?

A

bowmans capsule

34
Q

glomerular filtration - filtration
tubular reabsorption - reabsorption
tubular secreation - removes additional wastes

A
35
Q

4 things you should never see in urine

A

biliruben
sugar
ketones
blood

36
Q

normal variants of kidney

A

column of bertin
dromedary hump
junctional parenchymal defect
fetal lobulation
sinus lipomatosis
extrarenal pelvis

37
Q

Indications for a renal ultrasound

A

abnormal lab values
flank pain
hematuria
pyuria
fever
palpable mass in the area of the kidney
hx of kidney stones or renal issues
incontinence
incomplete emptying of the bladder
frequent urination

38
Q

what are the 3 processes in the formation of urine

A
  1. glomerular filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. tubular secretion
39
Q

main metabolic waste products

A

water, co2, nitrogenous wastes (urea, uric acid, creatinine)

40
Q

Ammonia is chemically converted to?

A

urea

41
Q

what is formed from the breakdown of nucleic acids?

A

uric acid

42
Q

column of bertin

A

invaginations of the cortex at varying depths within the medullary substance

may be difficult to differentiate from an avascular renal neoplasm

43
Q

dromedary hump

A

shape of left kidney is affected by spleen

bulge of corical tissue can occur on the lateral border of the kidney

resemble a renal neoplasm

44
Q

fetal lobulation

A

indented in between the calyces, lobulated appearance

children up to 5 yrs old

persist in up to 51% adults

45
Q

junctional parenchymal defect

A

triangular, echogenic area typically located anteriorly and superiorly

46
Q

stricture

A

ureteral narrowing that may be a result of

fibrosis (most common)
infammatory disease
TB
localized periureteral fibrosis
ureteral stone

47
Q

ureterocele

A

cystlike enlargement of the lower end of the ureter caused by:

congenital stenosis
acquired stenosis

48
Q

normal sonographic appearance of kidneys

A

smooth outer contour
cortex is hypoechoic to renal sinus/isoechoic to liver

widest/longest (1sag, 2 trv)

49
Q

normal sonographic appearance of kidneys

A

distended and free of echoes
wall = 3-6mm

ABDO (3 decks)

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