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Human Anatomy and Physiology II > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

where are kidneys located?

A

retroperitoneal
behind abdominal cavity

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2
Q

what do the kidneys do?

A

filters blood and the filter it forms becomes urine

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3
Q

from what the kidneys filter, what percentage gets reabsorbed?

A

more than 90%

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4
Q

do females or males get more UTI?

A

urethra is 5x longer in males

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5
Q

what is urine?

A

a metabolic waste (break down of proteins and RBC from liver) that your body gets rid of
majority of urine is water

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6
Q

what is the urinary system protected by?

A

the last 2 ribs

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7
Q

renal cortex

A

one of the two main regions of the kidney
superficial light region

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8
Q

renal medulla

A

contains pyramid structures

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9
Q

renal pelvis

A

made of fibrous connective tissue

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10
Q

renal capsule

A

made of tough material
will lead into ureter

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11
Q

major calyx

A

goes into renal capsule

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12
Q

what goes in the calyx?

A

urine

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13
Q

nephron

A

the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and the filtered blood goes into the collecting ducts

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14
Q

where is the last portion of reabsorption done?

A

the collecting duct

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15
Q

where does the antidiuretic hormone come from?

A

posterior pituitary

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16
Q

what inhibits antidiuretic hormone?

A

alcohol

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17
Q

what does caffein cause?

A

kidney stones because it is diuretic

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18
Q

afferent artery goes?

A

in

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19
Q

efferent artery goes?

A

out

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20
Q

glomerulus

A

is a bed of capillaries located inside bowmen’s capsule

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21
Q

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A

denotes the part of the tubule attached to the glomerular capsule
lie within the renal cortex

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22
Q

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

A

denotes the part of the tubule that is further away
lie within the renal cortex

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23
Q

nephron loop aka loop of henle

A

connects the proximal and distal convoluted tubules

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24
Q

what are the 3 functions in the nephron?

A
  1. blood pressure plays a direct role in the filtration (pressure filtration)
    more filtrate leaves capillaries when pressure is higher
  2. tubular filtration
  3. tubular reabsorption
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25
Q

collecting duct

A

collects from many nephrons

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26
Q

water follows?

A

sodium

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27
Q

medication filters in the tubes

A
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28
Q

macula densa

A

are cells in the renal corpuscle and ascending limb of loop of henle
they can change size by the amount of salt which makes these cells swell and change the blood pressure

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29
Q

where does most of the filtration occur?

A

in the cortex

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30
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

a lot of reabsorption occurs and urine forms

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31
Q

tubular filtration

A

some filtration

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32
Q

chloride is affected by

A

sodium

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33
Q

transcellular reabsorption

A

is directly through the cell needing energy to happen

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34
Q

ascending loop is thicker in order to

A

make it difficult for ions to go through but water gets through

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35
Q

tubular filtration comes first and then

A

tubular reabsorption

36
Q

urine is sterile

A

until it reaches the outer surface of the skin

37
Q

fruity urine odor indicates?

A

ketones
diabetes

38
Q

3 basic parts of urinanalysis

A
  1. physical exam (color, cloudiness, ercipitate, taste, odor, temperature, volume)
    2.chemical exam (ph, glucose, ketones, specific gravity, WBC leukocytes, albumin or proteins, blood)
  2. microscopic exam (bacteria, RBC & WBC count, epithelial cells, yeast, E. coli)
39
Q

what are ketones?

A

breakdown product from fatty acids and are representative of diabetics. They have FA floating in their blood.

40
Q

red urine

A

bleeding
indicates infection like UTI
E. coli is #1 cause of UTI

41
Q

khaki color green urine

A

indicates liver dysfunction with breaking down RBC more than should be.
Also from high protein diets which darkens urine

42
Q

what does high specific gravity mean in urine?

A

higher than 1.030 means more particles and you are dehydrated

43
Q

urine volume

A

problems with urine output can mean a kidney issue

44
Q

what does albumin in urine mean?

A

albumin is basically a protein indicative of breakdown of nephron but can also mean infection

45
Q

equal parts [H+] and [H-] gives?

A

pH of 7

46
Q

casts

A

RBC casts can block nephron not a long term damage tho

47
Q

hyaline cast

A

more waxy and a breakdown of nephron

48
Q

crystals

A

formation of stones
can be uric acid crystals
or calcium crystals

49
Q

urinalysis

A

helps to identify what problem is going on

50
Q

infection can cause

A

leakage

51
Q

how do you test for albumin?

A

dipstick test

52
Q

acid tests tests for

A

blood and ketones

53
Q

ecotest

A

bilirubin

54
Q

what are buffers made of

A

weak acids or weak bases
helps to maintain pH in blood

55
Q

pH of blood is

A

7.35-7.45

56
Q

bicarbonate is

A

3rd buffer system

57
Q

metabolic acidosis

A
58
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

caused by vomit or dehydration

59
Q

what is the main component of all body fluids?

A

water

60
Q

intracellular fluid ICF

A

is 2/3 of body’s fluid in cells

61
Q

extracellular fluid ECF

A

is 80% interstitial fluid (in lymph, CSF, GI tract fluids, synovial fluids, fluids in eyes) and 20% blood plasma

62
Q

water moves into areas with

A

higher salt concentration

63
Q

diffusions moves from

A

greater concentration to lower concentration

64
Q

osmosis

A

change in osmolarity due to change in [Na+]

65
Q

edema

A

fluid. build up in tissues because sodium goes from blood to tissues and retains more water
potassium pill is given to counteract

66
Q

what regulates urine output

A

antidiuretic hormone
atrial natriuretic peptide

67
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes

A

thirst
increase of reabsorption in collecting ducts affecting Na+ levels

68
Q

ADH secretion shuts off after

A

intake of water

69
Q

electrolytes (ions) serve 4 general functions in body

A
  1. controls osmosis of water btw body compartments
  2. maintain acid base balance for normal cellular activity
  3. carries electrical current
  4. cofactors needed for optimal enzyme activity
70
Q

where does Na+ have the highest concentration?

A

outside of the cell

71
Q

where are K+ and phosphate highest?

A

inside the cells

72
Q

renal failure can be caused by

A

Na+ retention

73
Q

Cl-

A

is the major extracellular ion and controlled by Na+

74
Q

Potassium(K+) is the

A

most abundant cation and highest in intracellular fluid
maintains fluid levels
impulse conduction
muscle contraction
found in orange juice, dry fruits

75
Q

bicarbonate (HCO3-)

A

prominent ion in plasma

76
Q

calcium is regulated by the

A

parathyroid hormone

77
Q

distilled water

A

does not have electrolytes and should be neutral

78
Q

high protein diet causes the blood pH to be

A

acidic

79
Q

What are the 3 principal buffer systems of the body fluids?

A
  1. protein buffer system (most abundant buffer in ICF and blood plasma)
  2. carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
  3. phosphate system
80
Q

proteins act as both

A

acidic and basic buffers

81
Q

once the filtrate enters the calyces it becomes

A

urine because no further reabsorption can occur

82
Q

why do kidneys release renin?

A

to produce aldosterone for when Na+ is deficient in the plasma.

83
Q

aldosterone

A

increases the amount of Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys and increases water reabsorption via osmosis
therefore reduces loss of water in urine

84
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

is a hormone that increases the amount of water reabsorption in the kidneys
therefore reduces loss of water in urine

85
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

causes elevated urinary excretion of Na+, accompanied by water.
therefore increases loss of water in urine
natriuresis is excretion of sodium (Na+) in urine

86
Q

macula densa cells are in

A

in ascending loop of henle

87
Q
A

Human Anatomy and Physiology II (3 decks)

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