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Human Anatomy and Physiology II > Digestive System and Metabolism > Flashcards

Digestive System and Metabolism Flashcards

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Enzymes, Digestive processes, Organization of GI tract, Digestive organs, Physiology of digestion, Metabolism of nutrients, Minerals and vitamins, Metabolism and body heat (94 cards)

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1
Q

source of chemical energy is

A

food

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2
Q

energy is needed for?

A

muscle contraction
conduction of nerve impulses
secretory and absorptive activities of many cells

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3
Q

digestion

A

the mechanical and chemical break down of food into simple molecules to be absorbed and used by cells

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4
Q

absorption

A

the passage of small food molecules through plasma membranes of cells lining the stomach and intestines and then into the blood and lymph

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5
Q

Digestive system

A

ingests food
digest food
breaks it down
absorbs nutrients
eliminates waste

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6
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

physical breakdown of food by the teeth and mixing/churning of the food with enzymes by the smooth muscles of the stomach and small intestines

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7
Q

chemical digestion

A

series of catabolic (hydrolysis) reactions that break down large nutrient molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins to be absorbed and used by cells

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8
Q

Digestive organs are divided into what 2 main groups?

A
  1. Gastrointestinal tract aka alimentary canal = continuous tube running from mouth to anus
  2. Accessory digestive organs = teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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9
Q

what is the GI or alimentary canal composed of?

A

mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine -> duodenum, jejunum, ileum
large intestine -> cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal

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10
Q

proctology

A

medical specialty dealing with dx and tx of rectum and anus disorders

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11
Q

gastroenterology

A

medical specialty dealing with structure, function, dx, and tx of stomach and intestine diseases

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12
Q

list the GI wall layer from deep to superficial

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa aka peritoneum

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13
Q

important extensions of the peritoneum are

A

mesentery of small intestine - suspends the jejunum and ileum
transverse mesocolon - suspends the transverse colon
falciform ligament
lesser omentum - mesentery that suspends the stomach by its lesser curvature
greater omentum - apron of peritoneum filled with fat that is by stomach’s greater curvature

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14
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

lines the interior abdominal wall

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15
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

covers abdominal organs

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16
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing food through esophagus to stomach

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17
Q

mesentery

A

attaches the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

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18
Q

right colic (hepatic) flexure

A

portion of the colon closes to the liver

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19
Q

fauces

A

the opening between the mouth and the pharynx

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20
Q

ileal orfice aka ileocococal

A

smooth muscle sphincter that joins the ileum and large intestine

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21
Q

order of food in body from entry to exit

A

bolus
acid chyme
basic chyme
fecal matter
feces

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22
Q

roof of mouth

A

hard palate
soft palate
uvula
tonsils

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23
Q

amylase

A

activated by chloride ions in the saliva
it is an enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose, maltotriose, and alpha-dextrin
found in saliva, small intestine, and pancreas

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24
Q

uvula

A

prevents swallowed food from entering the nasal cavity

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25
central vein
receives blood from hepatic sinusoids and transfers blood to hepatic veins which drains into inferior vena cava. (associated with liver)
26
pepsinogen vs pepsin
chief cells secrete pepsinogen (inactive), and hydrochloric acid secreted by parietal cells or active pepsin molecules converts it into active pepsin
27
gastric juice is ?
the combined secretions of mucous cells, chief cells, and parietal cells.
28
what does the enzyme pepsin digest?
pepsin digests protein in the stomach by breaking them down into peptides
29
peristalsis is?
involuntary smooth muscular contractions that move substances throughout the gastrointestinal tract (GI)
30
what does Lugol's solution test for?
it would give a dark blue almost black color for starch. any other color is negative
31
what does benedict's solution test for?
reducing sugars producing precipitate at bottom and solution appearing red or any color except blue. blue is negative
32
pancreatic lipase
digests triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol changing blue litmus paper to red
33
chief cells secrete what?
pepsinogen and gastric lipase
34
chemical digestion of carbohydrates (starches) is initiated in the?
mouth by salivary amylase which breaks down starch
35
circular folds, intestinal villi, and microvilli are?
small intestine structures for absorption by increasing surface area.
36
lingual lipase
produced by tongue and digests triglycerides (fats) into fatty acids and diglycerides
37
parietal cells in stomach secrete
intrinsic factor for absorption of vitamin B12 (B12 needed for blood cell formation aka erythropoiesis) hydrochloric acid - to kill microbes, convert pepsinogen to pepsin, and denature proteins
38
hepatopancreatic ampulla aka ampulla of Vater is
a major duct of the pancreas that transfer pancreatic juices from exocrine cells into the small intestine. it also transports bile.
39
pancreatic juice
mixture of fluids and enzymes
40
the lamina propria is found in which coat?
mucosa (inner lining of digestive canal)
41
most sugars from nature are ?
dissacharides
42
basal metabolic index
how much energy you use at rest
43
basal metabolic rate
how much energy your body requires to work on a daily basis
44
sugars get converted into what for long term storage?
lipids
45
energy in usage from low to high requiring enzyme
glucose lipid protein
46
electron transportation does
oxidation and reduction
47
how many ATP molecules does the electron transport chain produce?
26 or 28 ATP
48
nutrient molecule: carbohydrate
a sugar polar (polar food requires active transport) short energy
49
nutrient molecule: lipid
non polar long energy oils, fats, waxes
50
nutrient molecule: polypeptides
protein enzymes are proteins
51
macrounits vs microunits
macrounits are polymers (polysaccharides and disaccharides) and monomers (monosaccharides) microunits are vitamins(organic and can be polar or nonpolar based on how they interact with water) and minerals(inorganic, examples are cobalt and iron)
52
cellulose
fiber from plant cell wall good for bowel movement to prevent cancer cells from trapped toxins
53
glucagon
available in liver for energy if not used in a couple of days it gets stored as fat (lipid)
54
chitin
found in exoskeleton of animals such as shrimp, crab, and lobster chitin is absorbed fast and curves apetite
55
enzyme break downs lactase sucrase
lactose breaks down to galactose sucrose breaks down to fructose
56
saccarine
artificial sweetner made for diabetics caused cancer in lab rats
57
sodium saccarine
retains water
58
unsaturated lipid vs saturated lipid
saturated lipid - unhealthy, straight, fats unstaturated lipid - healthy, kink, oils, can be broken down easier
59
pancreas enzyme
lipase breaks down fat droplets into glycerol and fatty acids to get absorbed by lacteals in the small intestine
60
lacteals
the lymphatic vessels of the small intestine which absorb digested fats into the lymphatic system
61
what mechanism does fats get absorbed into body?
no mechanism they just get absorbed by simple diffusion
62
PKU phenylkeonuria
build up of phenylalanine because enzyme is not produced due to lack of gene that produces it. phenylalanine found in meat, dairy, eggs, nuts.
63
polar vitamins
B C
64
non polar vitamins
A D E K
65
where do nutrients like iron and fats get stored?
liver
66
what is the ph in the stomach
1-3
67
gastric ulcer
wear down of epithelial wall in stomach can be treated by antibiotic
68
duodenal ulcer
is directly related to acidic foods
69
acid chyme
when bolus enters stomach
70
what increases bile to be released from liver?
fatty food diet
71
pancreatitis
caused by blockage in pancreas
72
gallbladder
stores and concentrates bile
73
mesentary
holds intestines together is membranes creating the cavity the membrane goes around each organ
74
greater omentum
contains lots of adipose tissue largest peritoneal fold draping over transverse colon
75
jejunum
contains vili and microvili for absorption
76
ileum
more involved in mineral absorption
77
where does maximum amount of energy come from?
glucose
78
glycolysis
process where sugars turn into fats
79
diabetics have to break down
fats because they cannot break down sugars
80
essential amino acids and lipids are
sourced outside of the body because we cannot produce them ourselves
81
when you denature a protein it changes from liquid to ?
solid
82
uvula has nerve endings that trigger?
response for swallowing
83
chrohns disease affects
ileum
84
appendix
has collection of bacteria
85
3 major salivary glands
parotid gland submandibular gland sublingual gland
86
what is the largest gland in the body
liver
87
what is the gallbladder
stores and concentrates bile needed for fat digestion
88
what is pancreas
an exocrine and endocrine organ
89
where is water absorbed
in large intestine
90
what is saliva
largely water slightly acidic (ph of 6.75-7 secretes lysozome, calcium, phosphate for tooth formation and maintenance protects against microorganisms by secreting IgA antibodies, lysozyme, cyanide compound, and defensins
91
mumps
childhood disease where parotid salivary glands become inflamed by myxovirus
92
what is the hardest substance in the body?
enamel
93
enteroendocrine cells
secretes hormones that help regulate digestion
94

Human Anatomy and Physiology II (3 decks)

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