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Human Anatomy and Physiology II > Digestive System and Metabolism > Flashcards

Digestive System and Metabolism Flashcards

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Enzymes, Digestive processes, Organization of GI tract, Digestive organs, Physiology of digestion, Metabolism of nutrients, Minerals and vitamins, Metabolism and body heat

1
Q

source of chemical energy is

A

food

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2
Q

energy is needed for?

A

muscle contraction
conduction of nerve impulses
secretory and absorptive activities of many cells

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3
Q

digestion

A

the mechanical and chemical break down of food into simple molecules to be absorbed and used by cells

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4
Q

absorption

A

the passage of small food molecules through plasma membranes of cells lining the stomach and intestines and then into the blood and lymph

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5
Q

Digestive system

A

ingests food
digest food
breaks it down
absorbs nutrients
eliminates waste

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6
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

physical breakdown of food by the teeth and mixing/churning of the food with enzymes by the smooth muscles of the stomach and small intestines

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7
Q

chemical digestion

A

series of catabolic (hydrolysis) reactions that break down large nutrient molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins to be absorbed and used by cells

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8
Q

Digestive organs are divided into what 2 main groups?

A
  1. Gastrointestinal tract aka alimentary canal = continuous tube running from mouth to anus
  2. Accessory digestive organs = teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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9
Q

what is the GI or alimentary canal composed of?

A

mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine -> duodenum, jejunum, ileum
large intestine -> cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal

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10
Q

proctology

A

medical specialty dealing with dx and tx of rectum and anus disorders

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11
Q

gastroenterology

A

medical specialty dealing with structure, function, dx, and tx of stomach and intestine diseases

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12
Q

list the GI wall layer from deep to superficial

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa aka peritoneum

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13
Q

important extensions of the peritoneum are

A

mesentery of small intestine - suspends the jejunum and ileum
transverse mesocolon - suspends the transverse colon
falciform ligament
lesser omentum - mesentery that suspends the stomach by its lesser curvature
greater omentum - apron of peritoneum filled with fat that is by stomach’s greater curvature

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14
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

lines the interior abdominal wall

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15
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

covers abdominal organs

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16
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing food through esophagus to stomach

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17
Q

mesentery

A

attaches the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

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18
Q

right colic (hepatic) flexure

A

portion of the colon closes to the liver

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19
Q

fauces

A

the opening between the mouth and the pharynx

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20
Q

ileal orfice aka ileocococal

A

smooth muscle sphincter that joins the ileum and large intestine

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21
Q

order of food in body from entry to exit

A

bolus
acid chyme
basic chyme
fecal matter
feces

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22
Q

roof of mouth

A

hard palate
soft palate
uvula
tonsils

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23
Q

amylase

A

activated by chloride ions in the saliva
it is an enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose, maltotriose, and alpha-dextrin
found in saliva, small intestine, and pancreas

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24
Q

uvula

A

prevents swallowed food from entering the nasal cavity

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25
Q

central vein

A

receives blood from hepatic sinusoids and transfers blood to hepatic veins which drains into inferior vena cava.
(associated with liver)

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26
Q

pepsinogen vs pepsin

A

chief cells secrete pepsinogen (inactive), and hydrochloric acid secreted by parietal cells or active pepsin molecules converts it into active pepsin

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27
Q

gastric juice is ?

A

the combined secretions of mucous cells, chief cells, and parietal cells.

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28
Q

what does the enzyme pepsin digest?

A

pepsin digests protein in the stomach by breaking them down into peptides

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29
Q

peristalsis is?

A

involuntary smooth muscular contractions that move substances throughout the gastrointestinal tract (GI)

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30
Q

what does Lugol’s solution test for?

A

it would give a dark blue almost black color for starch.
any other color is negative

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31
Q

what does benedict’s solution test for?

A

reducing sugars producing precipitate at bottom and solution appearing red or any color except blue.
blue is negative

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32
Q

pancreatic lipase

A

digests triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol changing blue litmus paper to red

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33
Q

chief cells secrete what?

A

pepsinogen and gastric lipase

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34
Q

chemical digestion of carbohydrates (starches) is initiated in the?

A

mouth by salivary amylase which breaks down starch

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35
Q

circular folds, intestinal villi, and microvilli are?

A

small intestine structures for absorption by increasing surface area.

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36
Q

lingual lipase

A

produced by tongue and digests triglycerides (fats) into fatty acids and diglycerides

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37
Q

parietal cells in stomach secrete

A

intrinsic factor for absorption of vitamin B12 (B12 needed for blood cell formation aka erythropoiesis)
hydrochloric acid - to kill microbes, convert pepsinogen to pepsin, and denature proteins

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38
Q

hepatopancreatic ampulla aka ampulla of Vater is

A

a major duct of the pancreas that transfer pancreatic juices from exocrine cells into the small intestine. it also transports bile.

39
Q

pancreatic juice

A

mixture of fluids and enzymes

40
Q

the lamina propria is found in which coat?

A

mucosa (inner lining of digestive canal)

41
Q

most sugars from nature are ?

A

dissacharides

42
Q

basal metabolic index

A

how much energy you use at rest

43
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

how much energy your body requires to work on a daily basis

44
Q

sugars get converted into what for long term storage?

A

lipids

45
Q

energy in usage from low to high requiring enzyme

A

glucose
lipid
protein

46
Q

electron transportation does

A

oxidation and reduction

47
Q

how many ATP molecules does the electron transport chain produce?

A

26 or 28 ATP

48
Q

nutrient molecule: carbohydrate

A

a sugar
polar (polar food requires active transport)
short energy

49
Q

nutrient molecule: lipid

A

non polar
long energy
oils, fats, waxes

50
Q

nutrient molecule: polypeptides

A

protein
enzymes are proteins

51
Q

macrounits vs microunits

A

macrounits are polymers (polysaccharides and disaccharides)
and monomers (monosaccharides)
microunits are vitamins(organic and can be polar or nonpolar based on how they interact with water) and minerals(inorganic, examples are cobalt and iron)

52
Q

cellulose

A

fiber from plant cell wall
good for bowel movement to prevent cancer cells from trapped toxins

53
Q

glucagon

A

available in liver for energy
if not used in a couple of days it gets stored as fat (lipid)

54
Q

chitin

A

found in exoskeleton of animals such as shrimp, crab, and lobster
chitin is absorbed fast and curves apetite

55
Q

enzyme break downs
lactase
sucrase

A

lactose breaks down to galactose
sucrose breaks down to fructose

56
Q

saccarine

A

artificial sweetner
made for diabetics
caused cancer in lab rats

57
Q

sodium saccarine

A

retains water

58
Q

unsaturated lipid vs saturated lipid

A

saturated lipid - unhealthy, straight, fats
unstaturated lipid - healthy, kink, oils, can be broken down easier

59
Q

pancreas enzyme

A

lipase
breaks down fat droplets into glycerol and fatty acids to get absorbed by lacteals in the small intestine

60
Q

lacteals

A

the lymphatic vessels of the small intestine which absorb digested fats into the lymphatic system

61
Q

what mechanism does fats get absorbed into body?

A

no mechanism
they just get absorbed by simple diffusion

62
Q

PKU phenylkeonuria

A

build up of phenylalanine because enzyme is not produced due to lack of gene that produces it. phenylalanine found in meat, dairy, eggs, nuts.

63
Q

polar vitamins

A

B
C

64
Q

non polar vitamins

A

A
D
E
K

65
Q

where do nutrients like iron and fats get stored?

A

liver

66
Q

what is the ph in the stomach

A

1-3

67
Q

gastric ulcer

A

wear down of epithelial wall in stomach
can be treated by antibiotic

68
Q

duodenal ulcer

A

is directly related to acidic foods

69
Q

acid chyme

A

when bolus enters stomach

70
Q

what increases bile to be released from liver?

A

fatty food diet

71
Q

pancreatitis

A

caused by blockage in pancreas

72
Q

gallbladder

A

stores and concentrates bile

73
Q

mesentary

A

holds intestines together
is membranes creating the cavity
the membrane goes around each organ

74
Q

greater omentum

A

contains lots of adipose tissue
largest peritoneal fold draping over transverse colon

75
Q

jejunum

A

contains vili and microvili for absorption

76
Q

ileum

A

more involved in mineral absorption

77
Q

where does maximum amount of energy come from?

A

glucose

78
Q

glycolysis

A

process where sugars turn into fats

79
Q

diabetics have to break down

A

fats because they cannot break down sugars

80
Q

essential amino acids and lipids are

A

sourced outside of the body because we cannot produce them ourselves

81
Q

when you denature a protein it changes from liquid to ?

A

solid

82
Q

uvula has nerve endings that trigger?

A

response for swallowing

83
Q

chrohns disease affects

A

ileum

84
Q

appendix

A

has collection of bacteria

85
Q

3 major salivary glands

A

parotid gland
submandibular gland
sublingual gland

86
Q

what is the largest gland in the body

A

liver

87
Q

what is the gallbladder

A

stores and concentrates bile needed for fat digestion

88
Q

what is pancreas

A

an exocrine and endocrine organ

89
Q

where is water absorbed

A

in large intestine

90
Q

what is saliva

A

largely water
slightly acidic (ph of 6.75-7
secretes lysozome, calcium, phosphate for tooth formation and maintenance
protects against microorganisms by secreting IgA antibodies, lysozyme, cyanide compound, and defensins

91
Q

mumps

A

childhood disease where parotid salivary glands become inflamed by myxovirus

92
Q

what is the hardest substance in the body?

A

enamel

93
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

secretes hormones that help regulate digestion

94
Q
A

Human Anatomy and Physiology II (3 decks)

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