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CTO Post-Quiz 5 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the kidney

A

(1) osmotic regulation: conserve body fluid and electrolytes; produce concentrated urine (2) remove metabolic waste: urea, creatitine (3) regulation of blood pressure (4) synthesis/modification of hormones

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2
Q

progression of urine flow from the kidney

A

renal papilla -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter

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3
Q

renal sinus

A

fat-filled deeper area behind the hilum

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4
Q

renal lobule

A

cortical structure w/ medullary ray in center and interlobular vessels along lateral border

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5
Q

medullary ray

A

cortical structure made of collecting ducts and straight tubules of the nephron

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6
Q

blood supply to glomeruli

A

interlobar arteries -> branch into arcuate -> interlobar arteries -> afferent arteries to glomeruli

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7
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

venous ends surrounding convoluted tubules drain into interlobular capillaries

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8
Q

vasa recta

A

venous ends drain into arcuate veins

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9
Q

nephron

A

functional unit of kidney

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10
Q

uriniferous tubule

A

nephron + its collecting tubule (connects to nephron to collecting duct)

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11
Q

Functions of nephron

A

(1) filtration: blood is filtered into renal tubule (2) tubular reabsorption: substances in renal tubule reclaimed back into blood (3) tubular secretion: substances not initially filtered are actively secreted into tubules

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12
Q

blood flow through the kidney

A

filtration by glomerular capillary tuft -> thick descending limb in loop of Henle -> u-turn in thin descending limb -> up through distal convoluted tubule to re-enter cortex -> collecting tubule -> collecting duct to enter minor calyx at renal papilla

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13
Q

Which is longer, distal or proximal convoluted tubule?

A

PCT is 3x longer

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14
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

space b/t parietal (simple squamous) and visceral layer (made of podocytes)

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15
Q

filtration barrier b/t blood and urinary spaces

A

filtration slit membrane = thin diaphragm spanning filtration slit b/t pedicels; has thick glomerular basement membrane (GBM)

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16
Q

podocytes

A

cells of the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule whose primary and secondary processes form covering of glomerular capillary loops; primary process arises from cell body, secondary processes/pedicels arise from primary process, together encase capillaries of glomerulus to create filtration slits

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17
Q

glomerular mesangial cells

A

clean the GBM; has contractile ability to regulate glomerular blood flow

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18
Q

glomerular capillary endothelium

A

fenestrated, no pore diaphragms, small and + charged ions can pass through

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19
Q

Proximal convoluted tubules (epithelium and function)

A

simple cuboidal epithelium w/ apical brush border; function = resorption of water, salts, proteins, sugars, other constituents needed by body

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20
Q

Thin descending limb of Henle epithelium and function

A

epithelium = simple squamous w/ permeability to water and sodium; function = reaches equilibrium w/ surrounding interstitial fluid

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21
Q

ascending thin and thick limbs of Henle - permeable?

A

impermeable to water

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22
Q

How is a hyperosmotic concentrated renal medullary interstitium created?

A

ascending thick limb pumps NaCl to interstitium -> creates hyperosmotic concentrated renal medullary interstitium

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23
Q

What measures kidney function?

A

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

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24
Q

PCT cell appearance

A

brush border (apical microvilli); red staining due to richness in mitochondria; basement membrane

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25
Q

What part of the kidney tubule resorbs the most sodium and water back into blood?

A

PCT

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26
Q

How do you distinguish vasa recta from thin limbs?

A

vasa recta have visible red blood cells

27
Q

Loop of Henle - main function

A

concentration of urine

28
Q

Countercurrent multiplier mechanism

A

thick ascending limb pumps NaCl into interstitium but is impermeable to water -> high conc of solutes in medullary interstitium

29
Q

countercurrent exchange mechanism

A

vasa recta capillaries follow and loop in parallel w/ LOH; solutes diffuse from outflowing -> inflowing capillaries ??? - interstitium needs to maintain high conc to create conc urine

30
Q

what determines the concentration of urine?

A

whether the aquaporin channels in loop of Henle are closed or open (influenced by ADH)

31
Q

antidiuresis - definition and mechanism

A

small volume, concentrated urine; epithelial cells of ascending loop of Henle pump NaCl out of tube –> interstitium, interstitium = hyperosmotic but fluid in the tube becomes hyposmotic

32
Q

ADH mechanism

A

opens aquaporin channels in plasma membrane of collecting tubule and duct cells –> allows water to diffuse into interstitium from fluid in tubule

33
Q

Water diuresis

A

large volume, dilute urine; diuretic state decreases osmolality of interstitium ???

34
Q

where is the nephron impermeable to water?

A

ascending limb of LOH –> collecting duct

35
Q

renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus + bowman’s capsule

36
Q

nephron

A

renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, loop of Henle and distal tubule

37
Q

uriniferous tubule

A

nephron plus collecting tubule

38
Q

medullary ray

A

collecting duct and straight tubules at center of cortical renal lobule

39
Q

interlobular arteries

A

branches of arcuate artery; at lateral borders of renal lobule

40
Q

vasa recta

A

capillaries in medulla that loop parallel to loop of Henle

41
Q

renal pyramid

A

defines a lobe, contains collecting ducts, straight tubules and vasa recta

42
Q

cortical labyrinth

A

renal corpuscles plus convoluted tubules in cortex

43
Q

JG apparatus

A

macula densa, JG cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells

44
Q

podocytes

A

visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule encasing glomerular capillaries

45
Q

renin

A

enzyme secreted by JG cells: convert angiotensin to angiotensin I

46
Q

ascending thick limb and distal convoluted tubule morphology

A

similar morphology, simple cuboidal epithelium

47
Q

differences b/t proximal tubule and distal convoluted tubule

A

distal tubular cells are smaller than those of proximal tubule - see more nuclei in cross-section; PCT has brush border and DCT does not; PCT cells are redder and taller

48
Q

macula densa

A

where ascending thick limb comes into close contact w/ vascular pole of parent renal corpuscle

49
Q

functions of distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

A

senses BP and triggers renin, angiotensin, aldosterone system, respond to aldosterone and resorb more sodium (and water) if aldosterone is in the blood; maintain acid/base balance by secreting hydrogen ions and ammonium ions

50
Q

Parts of the JG apparatus (3)

A

(1) macula densa (2) JG cells (3) lacis cells

51
Q

function of macula densa

A

part of JG apparatus; specialized area of DCT contacting mainly afferent and to lesser extent efferent arterioles; senses sodium conc of filtrate (low sodium levels indicate low BP); if BP is low macula densa signals to JG to release renin into blood

52
Q

Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells

A

part of JG apparatus; modified SM cells of the afferent arteriole

53
Q

lacis cells

A

part of JG apparatus; may transmit signal from macula densa to JG cells

54
Q

angiotensin II

A

acts as a vasoconstrictor, triggers production of aldosterone from adrenal cortex

55
Q

aldosterone

A

acts on DCT distal to macula dens and collecting tubules: enhances resorption of sodium into blood -> increases BV and elevates BP

56
Q

collecting duct

A

receives many collecting tubules increases in size passing through cortex -> apex of renal pyramid

57
Q

Ducts of Bellini

A

distal portion of collecting duct, drains into minor calyces at area cribrosa of renal papilla

58
Q

collecting duct epithelium

A

transition from simple cuboidal to columnar as it gets bigger/more distal

59
Q

two types of cells in collecting duct and functions

A

(1) principal: for water and sodium resorption (2) intercalated cells: involved with acid-base balance

60
Q

urine flow in kidney

A

produced by kidney -> minor calyces -> major calyces -> renal pelvis -> ureter for transport to bladder

61
Q

urothelium

A

lines renal pelvis, ureter, bladder; transitional epithelium that changes w/ distension of viscus; supported by lamina propria and external SM layers; accordion-like folding and “pillow” cells at surface

62
Q

male urethral epithelium (3 parts)

A

(1) prostatic = urothelium (2) membranous - stratified or pseudostratified columnar (3) spongy - pseudostratified columnar or columnar w/ areas of stratified squamous distally

63
Q

female urethal epithelium

A

stratified squamous w/ areas of pseudostratified columnar

CTO Post-Quiz 5 (3 decks)

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