Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Components of male reproductive system (4)

A

(1) testis (2) genital ducts (3) accessory sex glands (4) penis

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2
Q

main functions of testes (2)

A

(1) production of spermatozoa (2) production of androgenic hormones

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3
Q

structure of testes

A

~250 lobules separated by incomplete septa, all surrounded by tunica albugenia

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4
Q

tunica albuginea

A

dense connective tissue capsule around testes

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5
Q

Veins draining testes are called…

A

pampiniform plexus

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6
Q

lobules contain…

A

1-4 seminiferous tubules

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7
Q

flow of material in semiferous tubules out of the body

A

seminiferous tubules –> straight tubules –> rete testes –> efferent ductules –> epididymus –> ductus deferens

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8
Q

rete testis

A

loose connective tissue containing nerves, vessels, and interstitial cells

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9
Q

spermatogenesis - where does it occur?

A

in complex epithelium of seminiferous tubules

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10
Q

production of spermatids

A

spermatogonium -> progenitor spermatocytes -> primary spermatocytes -> secondary spermatocytes -> spermatids!

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11
Q

where are spermatogonium located?

A

on periphery near basement membrane

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12
Q

primary spermatocytes

A

diploid; go through meiosis I to become secondary spermatocytes; must migrate through sertoli cell tight junctions from basal to luminal domain to undergo the rest of spermatogenesis

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13
Q

secondary spermatocytes

A

haploid w/ 2 chromatids; go through meiosis II to become spermatids; barely ever see these b/c they go through this phase rapidly

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14
Q

speratids

A

round nuclei; haploid; do not divide further, just mature through spermiogenesis

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15
Q

spermiogenesis

A

spermatids -> spermatozoa

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16
Q

sertoli cells

A

non-replicating, located in epithelium of seminiferous tubule attached to basal lamina; nurture development of spermatozoa

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17
Q

spermatogonia - how do they mature

A

undergo cell division through mitosis ->

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18
Q

Sertoli cell appearance

A

euchromatic nuclei, distinct nucleus

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19
Q

blood-testes barrier

A

formed by tight junctions b/t basolateral margins of adjacent Sertoli cells; large molecules can’t cross barrier

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20
Q

cytoplasmic bridges

A

exist between daughter cells of one progenitor spermatocyte b/f spermiogenesis maturation into mature spermatozoa

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21
Q

why do primary spermatocytes need to migrate through Sertoli cell tight junctions?

A

Primary spermatocytes must leave basal domain –> luminal domain to be protected from immunological attack; spermatids are haploid and would be recognized as foreign

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22
Q

peritubular/myoid cells

A

SM-like cells in basal compartment of seminiferous tubules that can weakly contract the seminiferous tubules

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23
Q

spermiogenesis- basics

A

spermatid –> mature spermatozoa

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24
Q

process of spermiogenesis (4 parts)

A

(1) formation of acrosome (2) nuclear condensation and elongation (3) development of flagellum (4) loss of cytoplasm

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25
Q

spermiogenesis - formation of acrosome

A

contains hydrolytic enzymes that permit sperm to penetrate the corona radiata and zona pellucida of ovum

26
Q

spermiogenesis - nuclear condensation and elongation

A

occurs in direction of base of seminferous tubule

27
Q

spermiogenesis - development of flagellum and loss of cytoplasm

A

flagella project into lumen of seminiferous tubules during development; mitochondria spiral around proximal end of flagellum to provide energy; excess cytoplasm is shed as residual bodies and phagocytosed by Sertoli cells

28
Q

residual bodies

A

excess cytoplasm shed during spermiogenesis; phagocytosed by Sertoli cells

29
Q

Leydig cells

A

in loose interstitial tissue b/t seminiferous tubules; have lots of SER; synthesize testosterone

30
Q

Role of testosterone in early gestation

A

development of male gonads

31
Q

role of testosterone in puberty and adult (4)

A

under influence of LH: (1) development/maintenance of spermatogenesis (2) secondary sexual characteristics (3) accessory sex gland secretions (4) genital ducts

32
Q

Anterior pituitary hormone control relevant to male reproduction

A

Gonadotrophs (basophils) in anterior pituitary secrete FSH and LH

33
Q

FSH

A

secreted by anterior pituitary; acts on Sertoli cells in epithelium of seminiferous tubules –> sertoli cells make and secrete androgen binding protein (ABP)

34
Q

ABP

A

made by Sertoli cells under stimulation of FSH; necessary for the correct maturation of sperm b/c it helps concentrate testosterone in luminal compartments of seminal vesicles

35
Q

LH

A

secreted by anterior pituitary; acts on Leydig cells –> causes them to manufacture testosterone

36
Q

straight tubules epithelium

A

simple cuboidal

37
Q

rete testis epithelium

A

simple cuboidal

38
Q

efferent ductules epithelium

A

partially ciliated epithelium

39
Q

Epididymus

A

highly coiled structure on posterior aspect of testes; place where sperm develop motility

40
Q

epididymus lining/epithelium

A

pseudostratified columnar w/ long stereocilia

41
Q

how are sperm released from epididymus?

A

sympathetic stimulation of smooth muscle in wall of epididymus during emission

42
Q

ductus deferens epithelium

A

similar to epididymus (pseudostratified columnar w/ long stereocilia) but w/ thicker wall

43
Q

seminal vesicles structure and epithelium

A

convoluted glandular mucosa covered by pseudostratified epithelium; epithelium produces fructose-rich secretion for energy for spermatozoa

44
Q

SM of seminal vesicles: location and function

A

in stroma of seminal vesicles; pushes seminal fluid into ejaculatory duct during emission

45
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

runs through prostate gland, exits through prostatic urethra

46
Q

bulbourethral gland

A

mucus secretions drain into penile urethra

47
Q

3 portions of urethra

A

prostatic, membranous, penile

48
Q

penile urethra epithelium

A

stratified columnar –> stratified squamous distally; contains urethral glands of Littre

49
Q

prostate gland structure

A

collection of tubuloalveolar glands w/ simple or pseudostratified columnar epithelium; stroma is fibromuscular tissue w lots of SM

50
Q

SM function in prostate

A

contraction causes secretions of glands to drain into prostatic urethra

51
Q

zones of prostate (3)

A

(1) central zone: constriction can occur here due to prostatic hyperplasia (2) transition zone: surrounds central zone and ejaculatory ducts (3) peripheral zone: comprises majority of prostate

52
Q

where does most prostate cancer occur?

A

peripheral zone

53
Q

corpora amylacea

A

prostatic concretions; red globs; often occur in older men

54
Q

penis structure

A

3 cylinders of erectile tissue: 2 corpora cavernosa on dorsal surface, 1 corpus spongiosum containing urethra

55
Q

tunica albuginea on penis

A

fibrous sheath lining penis

56
Q

How does an erection occur?

A

under parasympathetic innervation, deep arteries dilate to allow more blood to get in and venous return gets occluded –> build up of blood = erection

57
Q

artery supplying penis

A

branch of internal pudendal

58
Q

innervation to penis

A

branch of pudendal nerve

59
Q

vein to penis

A

deep dorsal vein, drains into prostatic plexus of veins

60
Q

how does emission occur?

A

under sympathetic innervation - contraction of SM in ductus deferens and epididymus