URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards
Ultrafiltrate of plasma; waste product
- is formed by the nephron and drains into the papillary ducts.
URINE
Filtration of blood
Urinary System
Study of anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of kidneys
NEPHROLOGY
Study of male and female urinary system, and male reproductive system
UROLOGY
Physician who specializes in Urology
UROLOGIST
Main organ of the Urinary System; large, bean-shaped organs located retroperitoneally adjacent to the posterior body wall.
Kidney
The ____ kidney is lower because of the liver
right kidney
Function of Kidney: Excretion of _____
waste/nitrogenous substances
Function of Kidney: Regulation of blood ionic _______
composition
Function of Kidney: Regulation/Maintenance of 5 blood __
blood pH (Hydrogen ions not to be acidic), blood volume, blood pressure, blood osmolarity, blood glucose level
Function of Kidney: Production of ____
Hormones
Pelvis, Calyx, Ureter, Renal Cortex, Renal Medulla, Renal hilum
Anatomy of Kidney
outer portion of the kidney
renal cortex
A sagittal section through the kidney shows a darker, outer cortex and a lighter,
inner medulla, which consists of numerous cone-shaped renal pyramids.
renal medulla
_____ is where the ureter emerges; The concave, medial border of the kidney and contains three large structures, the renal artery, renal vein, and the funnel-shaped renal
pelvis and Surrounding these structures is loose connective tissue and a fat-filled space
called the _______
renal hilum; renal sinus
functional unit of the kidney; filters blood
nephron
where blood exits to go back to the blood vessels then to the heart
renal vein
where blood enters then to the cortex then to the medulla for filtration in nephrons
renal artery
the protective connective tissue of the kidney; surrounds the renal capsule; thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue that
anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures and to the abdominal wall
renal fascia
made of adipose cells; protects, insulates and protects kidney and is a layer of tissue surrounding each kidney that is a fatty tissue surrounding the renal capsule
that protects the kidney from trauma and holds the kidney firmly in place within the
abdominal cavity
adipose capsule
Afferent Arterioles - Glomerular Capillaries - Efferent Arterioles - Peritubular Capillaries
Filtration occurs
(renal cortex) removal of waste and reabsorption of nutrients, it is more abundant
Cortical Nephron
(renal medulla) Urine concentration
Juxtamedullary nephron
where blood is filtered
*glomerulus
*bownman’s capsule
renal corpuscle
where the filtrate passes
*Proximal Convoluted Tubule
*Loop of Henle
*Distal Convoluted Tubule
renal tubule
major site of absorption because of microvilli
it increases surface area for absorption (bush borders)
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Glomerular capsule
*Modified simple squamous epithelium “podocytes”
- Visceral Layer
Glomerular capsule
Simple squamous epithelium
Parietal layer
Simple cuboidal epithelial cells with prominent brush borders of microvilli
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Simple squamous epithelial cells
Nephron loop: descending limb and thin ascending limb
Simple squamous to low columnar epithelial cells
Nephron loop: thick ascending limb
Simple cuboidal epithelial cells (macula densa) - combines with juxtaglomerular cells to produce juxtaglomerular apparatus
Most of distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
simple cuboidal epithelium consisting of principal cells (aldosterone & ADH) and intercalated cells (homeostasis).
Last part of DCT and all of collecting duct (CD)
Water and most solutes are filtrated; occurs in the renal corpuscle
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
99% of water and useful
solutes; occur all along the renal tubule and collecting duct
TUBULAR REABSORPTION
TUBULAR REABSORPTION:
entry of new substance in the body
**ABSORPTION
TUBULAR REABSORPTION:
Return of substance in bloodstream
** REABSORTION
Removing a substance from blood
- Wastes, drugs, and excess ions; occur all along the renal tubule and collecting duct
TUBULAR SECRETION
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION (THE FILTRATION MEMBRANE)
prevents filtration of blood cells but allows all components of blood plasma to pass through
- 0.07 um to 0.1 um (larger will not come out)
Fenestration (pore) of glomerular endothelial cells
(THE FILTRATION MEMBRANE)
water and solutes pass from blood plasma into the capsular space
glomerular filtration
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION (THE FILTRATION MEMBRANE)
prevents filtration of larger proteins
heparam sulfate - negatively charged to repel
basement membrane of glomerulus
prevents filtration of medium-sized proteins
-wraps around endothelial cells
-0.006 - 0.007 um
slit membrane between pedicels
NET FILTRATION PRESSURE
-inside glomerular capillaries; 55 mmHg
glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure
NET FILTRATION PRESSURE
- filtration against membrane by the fluid already in the capsular space and renal tubule
- 15 mmHg
capsular hydrostatic pressure
NET FILTRATION PRESSURE
- presence of protein in blood plasma
- 30 mmHg
blood colloid osmotic pressure
the total pressure that promotes filtration
Net filtration pressure (NFP)
Net filtration pressure (NFP)
GBHP − CHP − BCOP
- decreases the glomerular filtration rate by causing vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles (dilate space to brine more blood to kidneys
- enhances reabsorption of Na+ and water in the proximal convoluted tubule by stimulating the activity of Na+ -H+ antiporters
- stimulates the adrenal aldosterone
RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE-SYSTEM
a hormone that in turn stimulates the principal cells in the collecting ducts to reabsorb more Na+ and secrete more K+. The osmotic consequence of reabsorbing more Na+ is that more water is reabsorbed, which causes an increase in blood volume and blood pressure
aldosterone
Juxtaglomerular cells secrete ____ which act with angiotensinogen to activate angiotensin I in the lungs (angiotensin converting enzyme) to angiotensin II to constrict afferent arterioles and adrenal cortex
renin
enzymes present in the lungs to convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II
angiotensin converting enzyme
HORMONE WHERE THE MAJOR STIMULI IS
Low blood volume or low blood pressure
stimulates renin-induced production of
angiotensin II.
Angiotensin II
HORMONE WHERE THE MAJOR STIMULI IS
Increased osmolarity of extracellular fluid or
decreased blood volume promotes release
of ADH from posterior pituitary gland.
Antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)
HORMONE WHERE THE MAJOR STIMULI IS
Stretching of atria of heart stimulates ANP
secretion. (heart)
Atrial natriuretic
peptide (ANP)
HORMONE WHERE THE MAJOR STIMULI IS
Decreased level of plasma Ca2+ promotes
release of PTH from parathyroid glands. (Calcium)
Parathyroid
hormone (PTH)
HORMONE WHERE THE MAJOR STIMULI IS
Increased angiotensin II level and increased
level of plasma K+ promote release of
aldosterone by adrenal cortex.
Aldosterone
HORMONE WHICH MECHANISM AND SITE OF ACTION IS
Stimulates activity of Na+–H+ antiporters
in proximal tubule cells.
Angiotensin II
HORMONE WHICH MECHANISM AND SITE OF ACTION IS
Enhances activity of sodium–potassium
pumps in basolateral membrane and Na+
channels in apical membrane of principal
cells in collecting duct.
Aldosterone
HORMONE WHICH MECHANISM AND SITE OF ACTION IS
Stimulates insertion of water channel
proteins (aquaporin-2) into apical
membranes of principal cells.
Antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)
HORMONE WHICH MECHANISM AND SITE OF ACTION IS
Suppresses reabsorption of Na+ and water
in proximal tubule and collecting duct;
inhibits secretion of aldosterone and ADH.
Atrial natriuretic
peptide (ANP)
HORMONE WHICH MECHANISM AND SITE OF ACTION IS
Stimulates opening of Ca2+ channels in
apical membranes of early distal tubule cells.
Parathyroid
hormone (PTH)
HORMONE’S EFFECTS ARE
Increases reabsorption of Na+ and
water, which increases blood volume
and blood pressure.
Angiotensin II
HORMONE’S EFFECTS ARE
Increases secretion of K+ and
reabsorption of Na+; increases
reabsorption of water, which increases
blood volume and blood pressure.
Aldosterone
HORMONE’S EFFECTS ARE
Increases facultative reabsorption of
water, which decreases osmolarity of
body fluids.
Antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)
HORMONE’S EFFECTS ARE
Increases excretion of Na+ in urine
(natriuresis); increases urine output
(diuresis) and thus decreases blood
volume and blood pressure.
Atrial natriuretic
peptide (ANP)
HORMONE’S EFFECTS ARE
Increases reabsorption of Ca2+.
Parathyroid
hormone (PTH)
cells that have aquaporin; the reabsorption of water
principal cells
In urinalysis the normal volume is
1 to 2 litters in 24 hrs
In urinalysis the normal color is
yellow/amber
In urinalysis the normal specific gravity is
1.001-1.035
water pH = 1.000
In urinalysis the normal turbidity is
transparent (cloudy when standing)
In urinalysis the normal odor is
mildy aromatic (ammonia-like on standing)
In urinalysis the normal pH is
4.6-8.0 (average is 6.0)
2 responsible for the color of urine; pigment produced from breakdown of bile and the other from the breakdown of hemoglobin
urochrome; urobilin
Normal constituent of plasma; usually appears in only very small amounts in urine because it is too large to pass
through capillary fenestrations. Presence of excessive albumin in urine-albuminuria
Albumin
indicates increase in permeability of filtration membranes due to injury or disease, increased blood pressure, or
irritation of kidney cells by substances such as bacterial toxins, ether, or heavy metals.
albuminuria
Presence of glucose in urine—glucosuria
Glucose
usually indicates diabetes mellitus. Occasionally
caused by stress, which can cause excessive epinephrine secretion. Epinephrine stimulates breakdown of glycogen
and liberation of glucose from liver.
glucosuria
Presence of red blood cells in urine—hematuria
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
generally indicates pathological condition. One
cause is acute inflammation of urinary organs due to disease or irritation from kidney stones. Other causes: tumors,
trauma, kidney disease, contamination of sample by menstrual blood.
hematuria
High levels of ketone bodies in urine—ketonuria
Ketone bodies
may indicate diabetes mellitus, anorexia,
starvation, or too little carbohydrate in diet.
ketonuria
When red blood cells are destroyed by macrophages, the globin portion of hemoglobin is split off and heme is
converted to biliverdin. Most biliverdin is converted to bilirubin, which gives bile its major pigmentation. Abovenormal level of bilirubin in urine is called bilirubinuria
Bilirubin
Presence of urobilinogen (breakdown product of hemoglobin) in urine is called urobilinogenuria
Urobilinogen
Trace amounts are normal, but elevated urobilinogen may be due to hemolytic or pernicious anemia,
infectious hepatitis, biliary obstruction, jaundice, cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, or infectious mononucleosis.
urobilinogenuria
kidney to urinary bladder
3 layers of tissue; mucosa muscularis and adventitia
ureters
tiny masses of material that have hardened and assumed shape of lumen of tubule in which they formed,
from which they are flushed when filtrate builds up behind them. named after cells or substances that
compose them or based on appearance (for example, white blood cell casts, red blood cell casts, and epithelial cell
casts that contain cells from walls of tubules).
casts
Number and type of bacteria vary with specific urinary tract infections. One of the most common is E. coli. Most
common fungus is yeast Candida albicans, cause of vaginitis. Most frequent protozoan is Trichomonas vaginalis,
cause of vaginitis in females and urethritis in males.
microbes
layers of tissue in ureters
- changes size and shape depending on volume
- Transitional epithelium
- Lamina propria (areolar connective tissue)
MUCOSA
layers of tissue in ureters
- Smooth muscle: Inner – Longitudinal, Outer – Circular
MUSCULARIS
layers of tissue in ureters
- Anchors ureters in place
ADVENTITIA
layers of tissue in urinary bladder
serosa (protective covering)
ADVENTITIA
layers of tissue in urinary bladder
– Transitional epithelium
- Lamina propria (areolar connective tissue)
- rugae (folds) that allow expansion of bladder
-700-800 ml of urine
MUCOSA
layers of tissue in urinary bladder
detrusor muscle
contract to push urine to urethra
MUSCULARIS
amount of ml need to signal micturition center in sacral spinal cord segments s2 and s3
200-400 ml
feeling of uriniating; reflex
micturition reflex
system
prostatic urethra
intermediate urethra
spongy urethra
; it belongs to both reproductive and urinary system
; sperms also go through the urethra
males
Superior to each kidney is the _____ embedded in renal
fat and connective tissue.
adrenal gland
system
urethra only; it is separate from the reproductive system
females
layer of tissue surrounding each kidney that covers each kidney with dense irregular connective tissue. It is a smooth and transparent sheet that is continuous with
the outer coat of the ureter that serves as a barrier against trauma and helps maintain the
shape of the kidney.
renal capsule
The base of each pyramid faces the cortex and forms the corticomedullary boundary. The round apex of each pyramid extends downward to the renal pelvis to form the renal papilla. A portion of the cortex also extends on each side of the renal pyramids to form the renal columns.
RENAL MEDULLA
is the renal pyramid, overlying the cortex and ½ of each adjacent
renal column.
renal lobe
tests for urinary tract infections
urinalysis
The renal cortex and the renal pyramids of the renal medulla together
constitute the ______ or functional portion of the kidney.
parenchyma
Within the parenchyma are
the functional units of the kidney—about 1 million microscopic structures called
nephrons
Each renal papilla is surrounded by a funnel-shaped minor calyx, which collects urine from the papilla. The minor calyces join in the renal sinus to form a major calyx. Major calyces, in turn, join to form the larger funnel-shaped renal pelvis
calyx
leaves each kidney
through the hilum, narrows to become a muscular ureter, and descends toward the
bladder on each side of the posterior body wall.
renal pelvis
microbes
E. coli
Escherichia coli
microbes
Most
common fungus is yeast, cause of vaginitis
Candida albicans
Microbes
Most frequent protozoan is
Trichomonas vaginalis
