Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Are the kidneys and most of the ureters primarily retroperitoneal, secondarily retroperitoneal, or mesenteric?

A

primarily retroperitoneal

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2
Q

Are the lower parts of the ureters and urinary bladder primarily retroperitoneal, subperitoneal, or mesenteric?

A

subperitoneal

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3
Q

Is the kidney primarily retroperitoneal, subperitoneal, or mesenteric?

A

primarily retroperitoneal

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4
Q

What attaches the kidney in place?

A

the ureter and vessels (other than that it floats in fat)

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5
Q

The hilum of the right kidney is behind what organ?

A

2nd segment of duodenum

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6
Q

What organ is the hilum of the left kidney behind?

A

pancreas (body and tail)

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7
Q

How many minor calyces are in the kidney?

A

1 for each renal pyramind (15 ish)

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8
Q

What is the first line of defense for cancer metastasis in the kidney?

A

renal capsule

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9
Q

The kidney has no significant __________________

A

collateral arterial circulation

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10
Q

How many renal pyramids are in the kidney?

A

15 -18

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11
Q

The ureters pass _______ the gonadal vessels

A

behind

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12
Q

What urinary structure is potentially at risk of injury during an appendectomy?

A

right ureter

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13
Q

What urinary stucture is at risk of injury during surgery of the sigmoid colon and rectum?

A

left ureter

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14
Q

The ureters pass _______ to the posas muscle and common iliac vessels?

A

anterior

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15
Q

Where do the superior ureters get there blood supply from?

A

renal artery

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16
Q

Where do the middle ureters get there blood supply from?

A

gonadal artery

17
Q

Where do the inferior ureters get there blood supply from?

A

internal iliac artery

18
Q

What are the common sites for ureteral stones?

A

ureteropelvic junciton
ureter crosses internal iliac artery
ureterovesical junction

19
Q

Where is the most common spot for a ureteral stones?

A

Ureterovesical junction

20
Q

What type of peritoneum do the uterus and bladder have?

A

visceral (no pain sensation when stretched)

21
Q

What neural control has the role of producing and releasing waste from the body?

A

parasympathetics

22
Q

What neural control has the role of slowing production of waste while retaining it inside the body?

A

sympathetics

23
Q

What neural control has the role of assisting the sympathetics in retaining waste?

A

somatic motor

24
Q

Sympathetics to the kidney and the renal vessels ________ urine production
through ____________

A

Sympathetics to the kidney and the renal vessels decrease urine production
through vasoconstriction

25
What do parasympathetics do to the kidney?
no obvious functions (carry visceral afferent information)
26
In the renal pelvis and upper ureters peristalsis is mostly _______ in response to stretching when filled with urine.
myogenic
27
What do the parasympathetics do in the lower ureter?
increase peristalsis
28
What do the sympathetics do in the lower ureter?
inhibit peristalsis
29
What do parasympathetics do in the bladder?
eliminate urine - detrusor muscle contracts - inhibit the internal (involuntary) urinary sphincter (relax and opens it)
30
What do sympathetics do in the bladder?
retain urine - detrusor to relax - internal sphincter to constrict and close (active unless urinating)
31
Which urinary sphincter is voluntary?
external urinary sphincter (skeletal muscle) - used to prevent urination
32
What nerves supply parasympathetics to the bladder?
pelvic splanchinic nerves (S2-S4)
33
What nerves provide somatic motor to the bladder?
pudendal nerves (S2-S4)
34
Where are the aorticorenal ganglion located and what type of signal do they carry?
at the origins of the renal arteries; sympathetics
35
The sympathetics in the urinary system are primarly from what type of nerve?
lesser splanchnic nerves
36
What are some examples of kidney irregularities?
horseshoe kidney pelvic kidney transplanted kidney
37
Where is a transplanted kidney usually placed?
lower in the abdomen (blood supply is more accessible; non-functional kidneys are often left in place)
38
What are the kidney arterial and ureter anomalies associated with the urinary system?
- aberrant renal arteries to the lower pole of the kidney (arterial) - duplicate ureters or retrocaval ureters (ureter)