Urinary System Flashcards
Are the kidneys and most of the ureters primarily retroperitoneal, secondarily retroperitoneal, or mesenteric?
primarily retroperitoneal
Are the lower parts of the ureters and urinary bladder primarily retroperitoneal, subperitoneal, or mesenteric?
subperitoneal
Is the kidney primarily retroperitoneal, subperitoneal, or mesenteric?
primarily retroperitoneal
What attaches the kidney in place?
the ureter and vessels (other than that it floats in fat)
The hilum of the right kidney is behind what organ?
2nd segment of duodenum
What organ is the hilum of the left kidney behind?
pancreas (body and tail)
How many minor calyces are in the kidney?
1 for each renal pyramind (15 ish)
What is the first line of defense for cancer metastasis in the kidney?
renal capsule
The kidney has no significant __________________
collateral arterial circulation
How many renal pyramids are in the kidney?
15 -18
The ureters pass _______ the gonadal vessels
behind
What urinary structure is potentially at risk of injury during an appendectomy?
right ureter
What urinary stucture is at risk of injury during surgery of the sigmoid colon and rectum?
left ureter
The ureters pass _______ to the posas muscle and common iliac vessels?
anterior
Where do the superior ureters get there blood supply from?
renal artery
Where do the middle ureters get there blood supply from?
gonadal artery
Where do the inferior ureters get there blood supply from?
internal iliac artery
What are the common sites for ureteral stones?
ureteropelvic junciton
ureter crosses internal iliac artery
ureterovesical junction
Where is the most common spot for a ureteral stones?
Ureterovesical junction
What type of peritoneum do the uterus and bladder have?
visceral (no pain sensation when stretched)
What neural control has the role of producing and releasing waste from the body?
parasympathetics
What neural control has the role of slowing production of waste while retaining it inside the body?
sympathetics
What neural control has the role of assisting the sympathetics in retaining waste?
somatic motor
Sympathetics to the kidney and the renal vessels ________ urine production
through ____________
Sympathetics to the kidney and the renal vessels decrease urine production
through vasoconstriction
What do parasympathetics do to the kidney?
no obvious functions (carry visceral afferent information)
In the renal pelvis and upper ureters peristalsis is mostly _______ in response to stretching when filled with urine.
myogenic
What do the parasympathetics do in the lower ureter?
increase peristalsis
What do the sympathetics do in the lower ureter?
inhibit peristalsis
What do parasympathetics do in the bladder?
eliminate urine
- detrusor muscle contracts
- inhibit the internal (involuntary) urinary sphincter (relax and opens it)
What do sympathetics do in the bladder?
retain urine
- detrusor to relax
- internal sphincter to constrict and close (active unless urinating)
Which urinary sphincter is voluntary?
external urinary sphincter (skeletal muscle)
- used to prevent urination
What nerves supply parasympathetics to the bladder?
pelvic splanchinic nerves (S2-S4)
What nerves provide somatic motor to the bladder?
pudendal nerves (S2-S4)
Where are the aorticorenal ganglion located and what type of signal do they carry?
at the origins of the renal arteries; sympathetics
The sympathetics in the urinary system are primarly from what type of nerve?
lesser splanchnic nerves
What are some examples of kidney irregularities?
horseshoe kidney
pelvic kidney
transplanted kidney
Where is a transplanted kidney usually placed?
lower in the abdomen (blood supply is more accessible; non-functional kidneys are often left in place)
What are the kidney arterial and ureter anomalies associated with the urinary system?
- aberrant renal arteries to the lower pole of the kidney (arterial)
- duplicate ureters or retrocaval ureters (ureter)
