Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histo Block 4 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Organs of the urinary system?

A

Paired kidneys and ureters, a bladder, urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Components of the hilum of the kidney?

A

renal vessels, nerves, renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Parenchyma of the kidney is divided into what?

A

cortex and medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are the pyramids located?

A

medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the apex of a renal pyramid?

A

the renal papilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the tissue between adjacent renal pyramids?

A

renal column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the kidney lobe consist of?

A

a medullary pyramid and the overlying cortex plus 1/2 of the renal columns on each side of the pyramid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are extensions of the renal pelvis?

A

calyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What calyx surrounds one renal papilla?

A

minor calyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What calyx is the combination of two or more minor calyces?

A

major calyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A

remove waste from the blood and excrete it as urine, regulate electrolyte balance, regulate plasma volume & blood pressure, produce hormones (erythropoietin & renin), convert vitamin D precursor to active vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney?

A

the nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What 2 parts does a nephron consist of?

A

a renal corpuscle and its tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What part of the nephron is the site for filtering blood?

A

the renal corpuscle (located at beginning of a nephron)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where does the tubule originate at and end at?

A

originates from renal corpuscle and ends at collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Are collecting ducts part of a nephron?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A normal human kidney contains how many nephrons?

A

800,000 to 1,000,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 3 major segments of a nephron tubule?

A

proximal thick segment, thin segment, distal thick segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the proximal thick segment consist of?

A

proximal convoluted tubule and proximal straight tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the thin segment consist of?

A

thin limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the distal thick segment consist of?

A

medullary thick ascending limb, cortical thick ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule, connecting segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What part of the nephron tubule does the macula densa belong to?

A

the cortical thick ascending limb of the distal thick segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What landmark determines proximal nephron tubule vs distal nephron tubule?

A

The macula densa–proximal nephron tubule is proximal to the macula densa and distal nephron tubule is distal to the macula densa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Order of the nephron tubule?

A

proximal convoluted tubule, proximal straight tubule, thin limb, medullary thick ascending limb, cortical thick ascending limb, macula densa, distal convoluted tubule, connecting segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 2 parts of the collecting duct?

A

cortical collecting duct and medullary collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where does blood enter and leave in a renal corpuscle?

A

enters the Afferent arteriole and leaves via the Efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Components of the renal corpuscle?

A

gomerulus & Bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the space between the visceral and parietal layers of the renal corpuscle?

A

the urinary space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What group of cells is distributed amongst the capillaries in a renal corpuscle?

A

mesangial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

functions of mesangial cells?

A

phagocytose debris, provide structural support, secrete interleukin 1 platelet derived growth factor for repair of glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the types of nephrons and how are they categorized?

A

cortical, juxtamedullary, intermediate–categorized based on their locations in the cortex

32
Q

Which nephrons have a short loop of Henle?

A

cortical

33
Q

Which nephrons have a long loop of Henle and are located close to the medullary boundary?

A

juxtamedullary

34
Q

Which nephrons have an intermediate length loop of Henle?

A

intermediate

35
Q

What are the subdivisions of the cortex of the kidney?

A

cortical labyrinths and medullary rays

36
Q

What do the cortical labyrinths consist of?

A

renal corpuscles, proximal convoluted and distal convoluted tubules

37
Q

What do medullary rays consist of?

A

aggregation of straight and ascending tubules and collecting ducts

38
Q

What lies between cortical labyrinths?

A

medullary rays

39
Q

What does a lobule consist of?

A

a medullary ray and adjacent one-half labyrinths

40
Q

What does the medulla contain?

A

only tubules and collecting ducts–NO labyrinths or medullary rays

41
Q

What % of cardiac output does the kidney receive?

A

25%

42
Q

Describe blood supply to the kidney.

A

renal artery –> lobar arteries –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –>interlobar arteries –> afferent arterioles

43
Q

What do the efferent arterioles of the kidney produce?

A

a peritubular capillary network that surrounds the local tubules

44
Q

What do efferent arterioles from the juxtamedullary glomeruli descend into the medulla to form?

A

arteriole rectae

45
Q

Which arteriole is always larger?

A

Afferent

46
Q

3 principal activities of nephrons in producing urine?

A

filtration of blood, reabsorption, secretion

47
Q

Where does reabsorption mostly occur?

A

in the proximal convoluted tubule

48
Q

Where does filtration occur?

A

in the glomerulus of the renal corpuscle

49
Q

What is the filtered product?

A

ultrafiltrate

50
Q

What are the 3 components of the filtration apparatus?

A

fenestrated endothelium of glomerulus (capillary), basement membrane of the glomerulus, basement membrane of podocytes

51
Q

What components of the filtration apparatus make up the glomerular basement membrane?

A

the basement membrane of the glomerulus and the basement membrane of podocytes

52
Q

What are the secondary processes of podocyte processes?

A

pedicels

53
Q

What is the elongated space between pedicels?

A

filtration slits

54
Q

Function of the glomerular basal lamina?

A

restricts the movement of particles based on size

55
Q

What molecules can pass through the glomerular basement membrane?

A

neutrally charged molecules less than 70,000 Daltons

56
Q

How is the passage of small negatively charged molecules impeded through the glomerular basement membrane?

A

due to the negative charges due to heparan sulfate and sialic acid

57
Q

Difference in basal lamina in diabetes mellitus patients?

A

the basal lamina is physically thicker than normal but functionally leaky

58
Q

What are the 3 conditions present in Nephrotic Syndrome?

A

proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema

59
Q

What ist he major site of reabsorption?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

60
Q

What is the major site of secretion?

A

distal part of nephron (thin limb and distal tubules) and collecting ducts

61
Q

How much urine is typically excreted daily?

A

1.5 - 3 L

62
Q

Components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells

63
Q

Role of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

regulates blood pressure

64
Q

Where are juxtaglomerular cells located?

A

afferent and efferent arterioles

65
Q

Role of macula densa cells?

A

monitor blood volume and Na+ concentration

66
Q

Role of juxtaglomerular cells?

A

responsible for activating the RAAS to restore homeostasis under conditions of low Na+ intake or decreased volume of circulation blood

67
Q

What initiate the RAAS?

A

the release of renin from JG cells when signaled to by the macula densa cells

68
Q

Pathway of urine discharge from kidneys?

A

minor calyces –> major calyces –> renal pelvis –> ureters –> bladder

69
Q

Type of epithelium in all excretory passages except lower part of urethra?

A

transitional epithelium

70
Q

Epithelium of lower part of urethra?

A

stratified or pseudostratified columnar epithelium

71
Q

What are the muscularis layers of the ureter?

A

an inner longitudinal layer and a middle circular layer–the distal end of the ureter also has an outer longitudinal layer

72
Q

What epithelium lines the lumen of the bladder?

A

urothelium (transitional epithelium)

73
Q

Muscular layers of bladder?

A

inner longitudinal, middle circular, & outer longitudinal

74
Q

Is the muscularis layer thicker in the bladder or ureter?

A

bladder

75
Q

Layers of the bladder? (mucosa…etc)

A

epithelium, LITTLE OR NO SUBMUCOSA, muscularis mucosa, adventitia/serosa

76
Q

Which part of the bladder has a serosa layer?

A

the superior surface

Histo Block 4 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions