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Histo Block 4 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

Components of the tubular part of the alimentary tract?

A

esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines

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2
Q

4 concentric layers of alimentary canal?

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa/adventitia

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3
Q

Components of mucosa?

A

epithelium, lamina propria (w lymphatic tissue), muscularis mucosae

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4
Q

Components of submucosa?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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5
Q

Components of muscularis externa?

A

2-3 layers of smooth muscle, often longitudinal and circular muscle. Also has an Auerbach nerve plexus between muscle layers

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6
Q

Components of serosa?

A

squamous epithelium and connective tissue

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7
Q

Components of adventitia?

A

connective tissue

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8
Q

Serosa vs Adventitia?

A

Serosa is present in peritoneal cavity while adventitia is found on retroperitoneal organs that are joined to other tissue/organ

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9
Q

Function of mucosal layers?

A

secretion, absorption, and protection

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10
Q

Function of muscularis externa?

A

rhythmic contraction that produces peristalsis

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11
Q

Function of esophagus?

A

transport food and liquid from pharynx to stomach

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12
Q

Describe muscosa of esophagus.

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium with thin lamina propria with cardiac glands

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13
Q

Describe muscular transition of esophagus.

A

upper third is all skeletal muscle (voluntary control), middle third is mixed, lower third is all smooth muscle (involuntary control)

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14
Q

What can an incompetent inferior esophageal sphincter cause?

A

chronic heartburn and erosion of the mucosa (GERD)

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15
Q

4 regions of the stomach?

A

cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

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16
Q

What is rugae?

A

the large longitudinal mucosal folds of the stomach; they disappear when the stomach is distended

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17
Q

Function of stomach?

A

digestion; adds acidic fluid to content and mixes into chyme

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18
Q

Describe mucosa of stomach.

A

simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria with glands & CT w lymphatic cells, typical muscularis mucosa

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19
Q

Describe the submucosa of the stomach.

A

thick and not easily divisible into layers, forms the core of rugae

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20
Q

Describe the muscularis externa of the stomach.

A

inner oblique layer, middle circular layer, outer longitudinal layer (these 3 layers are important to churn food)

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21
Q

What type of cells is the surface epithelium of the stomach composed of?

A

surface mucous cells

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22
Q

Function of mucous cells?

A

produce alkaline mucous to protect the stomach

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23
Q

Describe the epithelium of the GI tract.

A

the esophagus has stratified squamous epithelium but the remainder has simple columnar

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24
Q

What are the 5 types of cells in gastric glands?

A

mucous neck cells, chief cells, parietal cells, enteroendocrine cells, stem cells

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25
Role of chief cells?
secret pepsinogen
26
Role of parietal cells?
secrete HCL and intrinsic factor which facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum
27
Role of enteroendocrine cells?
secrete a variety of gastric hormones into the lamina propria
28
Location of chief cells and parietal cells?
Chief cells are found in the deeper part of the gastric glands and parietal cells are more numerous in the upper part of the glands
29
Describe the appearance of parietal cells?
large and pyramidal in shape
30
Where does cell division in the stomach occur?
at the isthmus where the stem cells are located
31
Describe cell movement and duration of cell life in the stomach?
Most new cells move up to become surface mucous cells which live 3-5 days which other cells move down to become gland cells. Parietal cells live about 6 months while chief and enteroendocrine cells live about 3 months
32
Difference in rugae and mammillated folds?
Rugae elevations contain mucosa and submucosa while mammilated folds ar small elevations of mucosa only
33
Major function of small intestine?
absorption of nutrients
34
What are the 3 modifications of the intestinal wall to increase surface area for absorption?
plicae circulares, villi, microvilli
35
Where are plicae circulares most common?
jejunum
36
Describe plicae circulares
permanent transverse folds of the mucosa that contain a core of submucosa and extend about half way around the wall of the intestine
37
What are villi?
finger-like projections of the mucosa that increase surface area 10 fold
38
Where are crypts of Lieberkuhn most common?
duodenum
39
Describe the role celiac disease has on the structure of the small intestine
Celiac disease damages or destroys villi in the small intestine. Gluten triggers the immune system to destroy the villi
40
Role of actin in microvilli?
leads to contraction of terminal web and spreads the microvilli so material can get between them
41
6 cell types of small intestine?
enterocytes, goblet cells, paneth cells, M cells, enteroendocrine cells, stem cells
42
primary absorptive cell found on the villi?
enterocytes
43
Function of enterocytes?
secrete water and electolytes; attached to neighboring cells by tight junctions to keep material out of the lamina propria
44
Function of paneth cells?
secretes lysozyme and other antibacterial substances which can digest bacterial cell walls, also regulates gut bacteria by phagocytosing certain bacteria and protozoa
45
Function of M cells?
endocytose microorganisms and macromolecules from intestinal lumen and discharge them into underlying lymphatic tissue
46
Where are peyer's patches located?
ileum
47
How often are absorptive cells, goblet cells, and paneth cells renewed?
absorptive and goblet=every 5-6 days and paneth cells=every 4 weeks
48
What is a lacteal?
a lymphatic capillary in each villus of the small intestine that absorbs fat
49
Location and function of Brunner's glands?
Located in the duodenum and they buffer acid from the stomach by making the pH more alkaline
50
Function of large intestine?
absorption of water and electrolytes and elimination of solid wastes and undigested foods
51
What separates the small and large intestines?
ileocecal valve
52
Cell types in large intestines?
Large intestines has the same 6 cell types as small intestines: enterocytes, goblet cells, paneth cells, M cells, enteroendocrine cells, and stem cells. However, there are very few paneth cells and more goblet cells
53
Describe the structure of the appendix.
No teniae coli; distinguished from other parts of the large intestine by the many lymph nodules in the propria and usually much debris is seen in the lumen
54
Functions of the liver?
production and distribution of many circulating plasma proteins, vitamin storage/regulation/distribution, degradation of drugs and toxic substances, secretion of bile, modification & release of hormones into the blood
55
What is a portal vein?
a vessel that carries blood between 2 capillary beds
56
Path of bile output?
Hepatic bile duct takes bile away from the liver to the gallbladder and then to the duodenum
57
Components of the portal triad?
portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct
58
Components of portal canal?
portal triad, lymphatic vessels, nerves, CT
59
Blood flow through liver?
blood from the portal vein and hepatic artery mix in the sinusoids, go to the central vein, to the sublobular vein, to the hepatic vein, & to the IVC
60
Structure of classic lobule?
6 sided prism with a portal canal at each corner
61
What cells make up approximately 80% of the cells in the liver?
hepatocytes
62
Describe hepatocytes structure and function.
large polyhedral binucleated cells w large amounts of heterochromatin, rER, sER, and golgi units that make proteins and are involved in storage, metabolism and waste removal. these cells are capable of regeneration
63
Function of Ito (stellate) cells?
store vitamin A
64
What/where are Kupffer cells?
macrophages responsible for removing bacteria and damaged RBCs from the blood; located in the sinusoids
65
What is the space of Disse?
perisinusoidal space between the fenestrated endothelium of sinusoids and hepatocytes
66
Where is bile produced?
hepatocytes
67
biliary pathway?
canaliculi to canal of Hering to interlobular bile ducts to right/left hepatic duct
68
what type of vessel is the central vein?
venule
69
What good components of bile are taken to the intestines for reabsorption?
phospholipids, cholesterol, bile salts, electrolytes
70
What bad components of bile are taken to the gut for disposal?
bile pigments (end product of hemoglobin degradation from bilirubin)
71
Describe acini model of liver.
3 zones: Zone 1 is where the hepatic artery starts and receives the best oxygenated blood while zone 3 receives the least oxygenated blood thus making it more susceptible to necrosis
72
Structure of the gallbladder?
simple columnar epithelium with irregular muscularis externa and adventitia/serosa. NO MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE OR SUBMUCOSA
73
Functions of gallbladder?
concentrates and stores bile
74
2 types of gallstones?
cholesterol and pigment stones
75
Function of exocrine pancreas?
synthesizes and secretes enzymes and bicarbonate into ducts
76
Function of endocrine pancreas?
synthesizes and secretes insulin, glucagon, and somatostain into the blood
77
Location of exocrine and endocrine compartments of the pancreas?
exocrine is located in the acinar pancreas and endocrine in the islets of Langerhans
78
Duct system of pancreas?
Intercalated Ducts to Intralobular Ducts to Interlobular Ducts to Main Pancreatic Duct
79
structure of pancreas duct system?
Intercalated duct has squamous cells; intralobular ducts have low columnar cells; interlobular ducts have low columnar cells with lots of CT

Histo Block 4 (3 decks)

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