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HNC D&A College > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

Dorsal boundary: bladder?

A

Sacrum/ sacral vertebrae

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2
Q

Ventral boundary: bladder?

A

Bones of the pelvis

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3
Q

Cranial boundary: bladder?

A

Pelvic inlet

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4
Q

Caudal boundary: bladder?

A

Pelvic outlet

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5
Q

Lateral boundary of bladder? Left and right

A

Bones of the pelvis

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6
Q

Bladder location/ empty

A

Ventral
Pelvic cavity

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7
Q

Bladder location/ full

A

Only neck of bladder remaines in pelvic cavity
Body of bladder moves ventrally and cranially into abdominal cavity

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8
Q

Where are the structures of the urinary system found?

A

Caudal abdomen
X kidneys = cranio-dorsally in abdomen

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9
Q

What are the components of the urinary system?

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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10
Q

5 functions of the kidneys?

A

Maintain blood volume
Maintain blood pressure
Maintain electrolyte balance
Maintain acid-base balance
Control red blood cell production

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11
Q

3 parts of the kidney?

A

Cortex
Medulla
Renal pelvis

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12
Q

What happens to blood when it arrives at the kidney?

A

filtration process

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13
Q

Location: filtration process

A

Nephrons

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14
Q

During the filtration process, what is blood filtered of? (7)

A

Water
Electrolytes
Small proteins
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Glucose
Urea

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15
Q

Why is blood pressure important when blood arrives at the kidneys?

A

Too high - nephrons will B damaged
Too low - efficiency cld drop

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16
Q

The amount of blood flow to the kidneys is known as…

A

Renal perfusion

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17
Q

What controls renal perfusion?

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System

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18
Q

Why is the blood pressure in the glomerulus increased?

A

Lumen of the efferent arteriole is narrower than lumen of the afferent arteriole

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19
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

Bundle of capillaries
Permeable walls
Fluid is forced out of capillary walls
High pressure

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20
Q

What is ultrafiltration?

A

Most plasma of blood filtered out
Leaving behind larger molecules and blood cells.

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21
Q

Where is filtrate first collected?

A

In the glomerular/ Bowman’s capsule.

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22
Q

What process(es) takes place in the PCT?

A

Concentration of urea by removing water
Sodium and chloride reabsorption
Reabsorption of ALL glucose
Secretion of toxins and certain drugs

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23
Q

In the loop of Henle: the descending limb is…

A

permeable to water

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24
Q

In the loop of Henle: the ascending limb is…

A

permeable to salts

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25
Q

If an animal is dehydrated…

A

more water is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle, reducing urine output

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26
Q

If an animal is over-hydrated..

A

less water is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle and will be passed out into the urine

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27
Q

What is released if electrolytes are scarce?

A

Aldosterone

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28
Q

What produces/releases aldosterone?

A

Adrenal gland

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29
Q

Where does electrolyte reabsorption take place?

A

In the Distal Convoluted Tubules and Collecting Ducts

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30
Q

What increases salt reabsorption from the DCT to the bloodstream?

A

Aldosterone

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31
Q

Aldosterone increases ……………………………………..from the DCT to the bloodstream?

A

salt reabsorption

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32
Q

By what process does water follow salts being reabsorbed?

A

Osmosis

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33
Q

What do the kidneys excrete in to the distal convoluted tubule which raises the pH?

A

Hydrogen ions

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34
Q

What happens when the kidneys excrete hydrogen ions into the DCT?

A

It raises the pH

35
Q

What is formed by the materials not reabsorbed?

A

Wastes aka urine

36
Q

Where does urine go after it’s been emptied into the collecting ducts?

A

Away to the renal pelvis

37
Q

Where does urine come from before it goes to the renal pelvis?

A

Collecting ducts

38
Q

What is released in times of fluid shortage?

A

Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

39
Q

What releases Anti-Diuretic Hormone?

A

Posterior Pituitary gland

40
Q

What stimulates reabsorption of more water within the collecting ducts?

A

Release of Anti-Diuretic Hormone

41
Q

Function of - Bowman’s/ Glomerular capsule

A

Collects the filtrate

42
Q

Function of - Distal Convoluted Tubule

A

Reabsords electrolytes, salts and water (aldosterone)

43
Q

Function of - Collecting ducts

A

Reabsorbs water (ADH)

44
Q

Function of the ureters

A

Transport urine from kidneys to bladder

45
Q

Where are the ureters located? (3)

A

Attached to kidneys at renal pelvis
In abdomen: Dorsal & bi-lateral
In pelvic cavity: turn medially to dorsal surface of bladder

46
Q

Ureters pass obliquely through bladder wall - Why?

A

Stop backflow of urine from bladder (when high pressure)

47
Q

Backwards flow is known as …

A

Reflux

48
Q

Even during periods of high pressure within the bladder, urine passes down the ureters by ..

A

peristalsis

49
Q

What controls peristalsis?

A

Smooth muscles of the walls

50
Q

What allows the ureters to expand for passage of urine?

A

Transitional epithelium

51
Q

What allows for the wall of ureter to contract allowing peristalsis for movement of urine?

A

Smooth muscle

52
Q

3 openings in the bladder?

A

Trigone

53
Q

What picks up the urge to urinate in the bladder?

A

Stretch receptors when the bladder wall stretches

54
Q

What prevents the urine escaping?

A

2 set of spincter muscles

55
Q

What are the 2 different sphincter muscles in the bladder?

A

Internal urethral sphincter (at the neck of bladder)
External urethral sphincter (urethra)

56
Q

What needs to happen for urine to leave the body?

A

Sphincter muscles need to relax

57
Q

What are internal urethral sphincter made of?

A

Smooth muscle (involuntary)

58
Q

What are external urethral urethral sphincter made of?

A

Skeletal muscle (voluntary)

59
Q

What is the name of the muscle of the bladder?

A

Detrusor

60
Q

Features of detrusor muscles?

A

3 different layers which lie in different directions - so bladder can contract uniformly.

61
Q

Muscle used for expansion of bladder?

A

Transitional epithelium

62
Q

Which muscle allowes for the bladder to expand and return to its former size?

A

Elastic tissue

63
Q

What type of muscle allows the bladder to contract and empty?

A

Smooth muscle

64
Q

What 2 systems (nerves) control the bladder?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

65
Q

Function of sympathetic nerves

A

Prevent urination
- Inhibit bladder contraction
- Cause sphincters to constrict

66
Q

Function of parasympathetic nerves?

A

Cause urination
- Inhibit the constriction of sphincters
- Cause bladder to contract

67
Q

What does the urethra do?

A

Transport urine from bladder to outside the body

68
Q

What nervous systems can urethra use?

A

Somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) to allow control of urination

69
Q

What action does the urethra use to pass urine?

A

Peristalsis

70
Q

Difference between the male and female urethras?

A

Female’s: short and wide
Male: longer and narrower

71
Q

Function of the peri-renal fat

A

Protect kidneys
Energy reserve

72
Q

What is the primary function of the loop of Henle

A

Concentrates urine depending on the hydration status of the plasma

73
Q

What is the primary function of the loop of Henle

A

Regulates the concentration and volume of urine according to status of ECF

74
Q

Where is the exterior opening of the urethra in the female?

A

Vaginal wall

75
Q

Where is the exterior opening of the urethra in the male?

A

Distal penis

76
Q

Why does the urethra contain smooth muscle?

A

To allow peristalsis for movement of urine

77
Q

Location and function of urethra?

A

Convey urine caudally from neck of bladder to the outside (in males: also conveys sperm)

78
Q

2 muscles involved in process of urination + location

A

Detrusor muscles in bladder wall
Urethral sphincter in bladder neck

79
Q

Renal vain drains blood from …

A

kidney to vena cava

80
Q

Renal artery supplies blood from…

A

aorta to kidney

81
Q

Function of microvili in PCT?

A

Increase SA to reabsorbe water + electrolytes

82
Q

What happens to muscles when an animal urinates?

A

Detrusor muscle contracts
Sphincter muscle relaxes

83
Q

Location of female exterior opening of urethra?

A

Vaginal wall

84
Q

Location of male exterior opening of urethra?

A

Distal penis

HNC D&A College (8 decks)

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