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HNC D&A College > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Function of digestive system

A

Alter ingested food
Form that can be absorbed by bloodstream

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2
Q

2 main areas of digestive system

A

Alimentary canal = hollow tube where food travels
Accessory digestive organs = structures which assist with digestive process

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3
Q

4 processes of digestive system

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Excretion

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4
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking food into body

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5
Q

Digestion

A

Breaking down food/ components parts
Stomach & small intestine

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6
Q

Absorption

A

Small & large intestine
Uptake of nutrients in bloodstream

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7
Q

Excretion

A

Removal
Indigestible material
Faeces

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8
Q

Alimentary canal

A

Muscular tubular structure

Mouth to Anus

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9
Q

Areas of alimentary canal (8)

A

Oral cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus

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10
Q

Lumen

A

Hollow centre of gut

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11
Q

Structure of the gut (inside to outside) 5

A

Lumen

Mucosa ( with Muscularis mucosae inside)

Submucosa

Muscularis

Serosa

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12
Q

What is found in submucosa?

A

Blood vessels
Nerves
Connective tissue
Lymphatic vessels

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13
Q

What part of the gut moves food via peristalsis?

A

Muscularis layer

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14
Q

Function of serosa

A

Produce fluid - lubrication

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15
Q

Functions of oral cavity (4)

A

Pick food up
Boluses
Lubricate (saliva and mucus)
Digest carbs with amylase (omnivores/ herbivores)

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16
Q

Functions of tongue (6)

A

Compress on hard palate + move back to pharynx

Change shape to ladle to drink

Tastebuds

Heat loss mechanism

Vocalisation

Grooming

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17
Q

Structure of tongue (5)

A

Muscular structure
Attached to floor of mouth by frenulum
Skeleteal - volunteer muscle
Taste buds - info to brain
Has hyoid bone at its root

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18
Q

Structure and function of incisors

A

Chisel shaped & Rostral

Grasp prey & nibble on vegetation

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19
Q

Structure and function of canines

A

Pointed with Sharp apex & Wide base

Pierce/ hold onto prey

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20
Q

Structure and function of premolar & molar

A

Straight side, Wide flattened surfaces
Cusps on surfaces (rough)

Crush or grind

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21
Q

Carnassials

A

Carnivores only
Laterally flattened
Shearing

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22
Q

6 openings of pharynx

A

Oral cavity
Oesophagus
Naso-pharynx
Larynx/ trachea
2 eustachian tubes

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23
Q

Main function of pharynx

A

Convey food from mouth to oesophagus - deglutition

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24
Q

Stages of deglutition/swallowing (5)

A
  1. Bolus - passed to back of mouth
  2. Pharyngeal muscles
    Cricopharyngeal sphincter
    to oesophagus
  3. Closes: epiglottis
    + naso-pharynx & eustachian tubes
  4. Peristalsis to Oesophagus
  5. Epiglottis falls open again - air to trachea
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25
Q

Oesophagus - location and function (4)

A

Muscular tube - takes food from pharynx to stomach

Function=transport

Dorsal, left of trachea

When passes through thorax, runs through medastinum, dorsal to heart & between lungs

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26
Q

2 regions of oesophagus

A

Cervical
Thoracic

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27
Q

Proximal end of oesophagus

A

Inner circular muscler layer forms a sphincter called the cricopharyngeal sphincter

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28
Q

Distal end of oesophagus

A

No physical sphincter
but high pressure zone aka cardia/ cardiac sphincter

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29
Q

What is found in the mucous membrane of oesophagus?

A

Goblet cells which secrete mucus

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30
Q

4 regions of the stomach

A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus

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31
Q

Cardia

A

Small region
Where oesophagus enters stomach

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32
Q

Fundus

A

Main reservoir
Can increase in size & maintain same intra-gastric pressure

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33
Q

Body of stomach

A

Intermediate section between storage and grinding section

Stores food

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34
Q

Pylorus (3)

A

Where food is ground (rhythmic segmentation) + mixed with gastric secretion

Move ingesta into duodenum

Controls rate that stomach empties into small intestine

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35
Q

Chyme

A

Food in stomach broken down into a liquid

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36
Q

Stomach: structure and location

A

C-shaped sac-like
Left side of abdomen

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37
Q

General function of stomach (3)

A

Reservoir

Break up food & mix with gastric juices

Begin digesting protein

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38
Q

Layers of the stomach (in to out) 4

A

Mucosa
Muscle layer
Submucosa
Serosa

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39
Q

Mucosa of stomach structure (2)

A

Mucous membrane

Gastric pits (deep folds)

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40
Q

What do parietal cells produce?

A

Hydrochloric acid

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41
Q

What do chief cells produce?

A

Pepsinogen

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42
Q

Where is the majority of acid?

A

Fundus

43
Q

What is in the fundus? (2)

A

Majority of acid

Pepsinogen producing cells

44
Q

What happens when stomach is full?

A

Mucosa is stretched smooth

45
Q

What happens when stomach is empty?

A

Mucosa become wrinkled into folds aka rugae

46
Q

What are rugae?

A

Folds found in mucosa layer of stomach

47
Q

Functions of hydrochloric acid (3)

A

Proteins unfold to expose peptide bonds : allowing access to enzymes

Activates digestive enzymes

Inhibits growth of bacteria

48
Q

Borders of the small intestine

A

Pylorus
to
Ileocaecocolic junction

49
Q

Main functions of small intestine (2)

A

Digest
Absorb

50
Q

3 sections of small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

51
Q

Function of elastic fibres in small intestine?

A

Cause the mucosa to be folded in the submucosa

52
Q

Enterocytes?

A

Cells of the mucous membrane in the intestine

53
Q

Where are enterocytes made?

A

At the base of each villus - aka Crypts of Lieberkühn

54
Q

Contents of a villus (2)

A

Rich supply of capillaries

Single lymphatic vessel = lacteal

55
Q

Function of capillaries in the villi?

A

Collect and transport absorbed nutrients

Go from enterocytes to hepatic portal vein

56
Q

Function of lacteal?

A

Absorb and transport dietary fat from intestine

57
Q

Secretions of digestion (5)

A

Bile
Lipase
Amylase
Bicarbonate
Trypsin

58
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

Liver

59
Q

Function of bile

A

Emulsify fat

60
Q

Function of lipase

A

Digest fat

61
Q

Function of amylase

A

Digest starch

62
Q

Function of bicarbonate

A

Neutralises acidity of chyme

63
Q

Function of trypsin

A

Digest proteins and peptides

64
Q

Parts of the large intestines (4)

A

Caecum
Colon
Rectum
Anus

65
Q

Caecum (4)

A

Blind ending tube at ileocaecocolic junction

Used as fermentation chamber in herbivores

Not used in carnivores

Vestigial in dogs and cats

66
Q

Parts of the colon

A

Ascending
Transverse
Descending

67
Q

Difference in structure between small intestine and large intestine? (5)

A

Similar basic structure

In large intestine:
No villi
Mucosa is flat
Crypts produce new epithelial and
goblet cells
Food is not broken down

68
Q

Large intestine re-absorbs …

A

water and electrolytes

69
Q

Function of rectum

A

Store faeces before defaecation

70
Q

What do bacteria in colon produce?

A

B vitamins

71
Q

Difference between inner sphincters and outer sphincters?

A

Inner - involuntary
Outer - voluntary

72
Q

Contents of faeces (7)

A

Water
Fibre
Bacteria
Dead GI cells
Mucus
Bile pigment
Anal gland secretions

73
Q

Accessory organs (4)

A

Salivary glands
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas

74
Q

Contents of saliva

A

99% water
1% mucus

75
Q

Functions of saliva (3)

A

Lubricate food

Thermoregulation

Breakdown of starch (via amylase) - herbivores & most omnivores

76
Q

When is an increase of saliva noticed? (3)

A

Food is present
Animal is hurt
Animal is nauseous

77
Q

Location of liver

A

Between diaphragm and stomach

78
Q

What supplies oxygen to the liver?

A

Hepatic artery

79
Q

What does the hepatic artery do?

A

Supply oxygen to liver

80
Q

What is the function of the hepatic vein?

A

Carries blood back to the heart via vena cava

81
Q

What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?

A

Brings nutrient rich blood from intestine

82
Q

The liver receives…………% of the cardiac output

A

20

83
Q

Of the cardiac output that the liver gets, what proportions are from hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein?

A

30% comes via hepatic artery
70% comes from hepatic portal vein

84
Q

What is the liver enclosed with?

A

Thin sheet of epithelial cells called the capsule

85
Q

Structure of the liver?

A

Thousands of lobules muo of cords of liver cells aka hepatocytes

86
Q

What shapes are the lobules in the liver?

A

Hexagonal

87
Q

10 functions of the liver

A
  1. Metabolise carbs
  2. Metabolise proteins
  3. Metabolise fat
  4. Bile formation
  5. Destruction of old RBC
  6. Formation of new RBC
  7. Storage of vitamins & glycogen
  8. Storage of iron
  9. Production of heat for body
  10. Detoxification
88
Q

Function of hepatic ducts?

A

Bile from liver to gall bladder

89
Q

Function of bile duct?

A

Bile from gall bladder to duodenum during digestion

90
Q

Function of bile?

A

Emulsify fat globules
Surface area for lipase

91
Q

What is the pancreas closely associated with?

A

Stomach and duodenum

92
Q

Where is the pancreas?

A

In the U bend of duodenum

93
Q

What tissues compose the pancreas

A

Exocrine - produces digestive enzymes
Endocrine - produces hormones

94
Q

Pancreas secretions (5)

A

Bicarbonate (not an enzyme)
Trypsinogen
Trypsin
Lipase
Amylase

95
Q

Function of bicarbonate

A

Neutralise the acid found in chyme

96
Q

Function of trypsinogen

A

Precursor to trypsin which is activated in the SI

97
Q

Function of trypsin

A

Breaks down proteins and peptides into amino acids

98
Q

Function of lipase

A

Converts fats into fatty acids and glycerol

99
Q

Function of amylase

A

Breaks down starch into maltose

100
Q

Structure of stomach wall

A

Lined by mucosa
Deep folds aka sugar
In gastric pits:
- goblet cells produce mucus (protect from enzymes)
- chief cells produce pepsinogen
- parietal cells produce hydrochloride acid

101
Q

2 types of movement in stomach & purpose

A

Peristalsis
Rhythmic segmentation

102
Q

2 structures that empty into first part of small intestine

A

Pancreatic duct
Common bile duct

103
Q

3 properties of intestinal villi that makes absorption more efficient

A

Large surface area

Excellent blood supply form network of internal capillaries

Thin layer of cells lining their wall

Surface area is further increased by presence of microvilli on surface of epithelial cells lining the villi

104
Q

2 structures in villi and purposes they have

A

Capillary network: absorb carbs and proteins and relay them to hepatic portal vein

Lacteal: absorb fat in form of chyle (product of fat digestion) and relay it to lymphatic system (specifically to cisterns Chyli)

HNC D&A College (8 decks)

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