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ANAPHY > URINARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

flow of urine in the urinary system

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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2
Q

the kidney disposes wastes products in the urine such as

A

nitrogenous wastes
toxins
drugs
excess ions

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3
Q

it maintains maintain BP in the kidney

A

renin

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4
Q

it stimulates RBC production in kidney

A

eryhthropoietin

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5
Q

what happens to Vit D in the kidney

A

converted into its active form

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6
Q

location of kidneys

A

dorsal body wall at the parietal peritoneum

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7
Q

at what level are kidneys situated

A

T12 to L3 vertebrae

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8
Q

formation of kidney (which is lower an dhigher)

A

right kidney is slightly lower than the left

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9
Q

A medial indentation where several structures enter or exit the kidney

A

renal hilum

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10
Q

it sits atop each kidney

A

adrenal gland

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11
Q

3 protective layers enclosing the kidney

A

fibrous capsule
perirenal fat capsule
renal fascia

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12
Q

encloses each kidney

A

fibrous capsule

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13
Q

surrounds the kidney and cushions against blows

A

perirenal fat capsule

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14
Q

most superficial layer of the kidney and adrenal gland surrounding structures

A

renal fascia

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15
Q

3 regions of the kidney (longitudinal section)

A

renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis

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16
Q

outer region that provides space for arterioles, venules, & glomerulus capillaries, which connect the nephrons

A

renal cortex

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17
Q

next to renal cortex

A

renal medulla

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18
Q

triangular regions of tissue in the medulla

A

renal/medullary pyramids

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19
Q

extensions of cortex like material that separate the pyramids

A

renal columns

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20
Q

medial region that is a flat, funnel-shaped tube

A

renal pelvis

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21
Q

cup shaped drains that encloses the renal pyramids

A

calyces

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22
Q

provides each kidney with arterial blood supply

A

renal artery

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23
Q

venous blood flow

A

A RSI ACA G EPCA IRI

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24
Q

structural functions of kidney

A

nephrons

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25
Q

kidney nephrons structure (2)

A

renal corpuscle
renal tubule

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26
Q

2 R. Corpuscle

A

glomerulus
glomerular or bowman’s capsule

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27
Q

a knot of capillaries made of podocytes

A

glomerulus

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28
Q

make up the inner (visceral) layer of the glomerular capsule

A

podocytes

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29
Q

is a cup-shaped structure that surrounds the
glomerulus

A

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

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30
Q

Extends from glomerular capsule and ends when it empties into the
collecting duct

A

R. Tubule

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31
Q

3 subdivisions of R. Tubule

A
  1. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  2. Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
  3. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
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32
Q

Located entirely in the cortex

A

cortical nephrons

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33
Q

Found at the cortex-medulla junction

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

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34
Q

2 capillary beds associated with nephron

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. peritubular capillary bed
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35
Q

specialized for filtration

A

glomerulus

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36
Q

in glomerulus, what forces fluid and solutes out of blood and into the glomerular capsule

A

HBP

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37
Q

Adapted for absorption instead of filtration

A

peritubular capillary bed

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38
Q

3 processes of urine formation

A
  1. Glomerular Filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. tubular secretion
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39
Q

what kind of process occurs in the filtration in the glomerular

A

passive process

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40
Q

what are forced through glomerular capillary walls

A

water and solute

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41
Q

Filtrate will be formed as long as

A

systemic blood pressure is normal

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42
Q

what useful substances are reabsorbed from the renal tubule

A

water
glucose
amino acids
ions

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43
Q

T. reabsorption, passive or active process

A

most are active

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44
Q

most reabsorption occurs in the

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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45
Q

what does T. secretion release

A

hydrogen and potassium ions
creatinine

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46
Q

why is T. Secretion important

A

Getting rid of substances not already in the filtrate
Removing drugs and excess ions
Maintaining acid-base balance of blood

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47
Q

Nitrogenous wastes in the urine

A

urea
uric acid
creatinine

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48
Q

end product of protein breakdown

A

urea

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49
Q

results from nucleic acid metabolism

A

uric acid

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50
Q

associated with creatine metabolism in muscles

A

creatinine

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51
Q

contains everything that blood plasma does (except
proteins)

A

filtrate

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52
Q

it is what remains after the filtrate has lost most of its
water, nutrients, and necessary ions through reabsorption

A

urine

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53
Q

what pigment in the urine causes the yellowish color

A

urochrome and solutes

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54
Q

liver destroys hemoglobin

A

urochrome

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55
Q

solutes in urine

A

Sodium and potassium ions
○ Urea, uric acid, creatinine
○ Ammonia
○ Bicarbonate ions

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56
Q

what condition is caused by glucose

A

glycosuria

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57
Q

what condition is caused by proteins

A

proteinuria

58
Q

what condition is caused by proteins

A

proteinuria

59
Q

what condition is caused by pus (WBCs & bacteria)

A

pyuria

60
Q

what condition is caused by RBCs

A

hematuria

61
Q

what condition is caused by hemoglobin

A

hemoglobinuria

62
Q

what condition is caused by bile pigment

A

bilirubinuria

63
Q

non pathological cause of glycosuria

A

excessive intake of sugary foods

64
Q

pathological cause of glycosuria

A

diabetes mellitus

65
Q

non pathological cause of proteinuria

A

physical exertion & pregnancy

66
Q

pathological cause of proteinuria

A

glomerulonephritis
hypertension

67
Q

what causes pyuria

A

UTI

68
Q

what causes hematuria

A

bleeding in UT due to trauma, kidney stones, infection

69
Q

what causes hemoglobinuria

A

transfusion reaction,
hemolytic anemia

70
Q

what causes bilirubinuria

A

transfusion reaction,
hemolytic anemia

71
Q

Slender tubes 25–30 cm (10–12 inches) attaching the kidney to the urinary bladder

A

ureter

72
Q

ureter continues to the

A

renal pelvis

73
Q

aids gravity in urine transport

A

peristalsis

74
Q

Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac situated posterior to the pubic
symphysis

A

urinary bladder

75
Q

stores urine temporarily

A

urinary bladder

76
Q

triangular region of the urinary bladder base based on three
openings

A

trigone

77
Q

the trigone has

A

two openings from the ureters (ureteral orifices)
one opening to the urethra (internal urethral orifices)

78
Q

in males, what surrounds the neck of urinary bladder

A

prostate

79
Q

urinary bladder – Three layers of smooth muscle

A

detrusor muscle

80
Q

made of transitional epithelium

A

mucosa

81
Q

Thin-walled tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by peristalsis

A

urethra

82
Q

function of urethra in
males -
females -

A

carries urine

carries urine and sperm

83
Q

in urethra, the release of urine is controlled by two sphincters: which is voluntary and invo?

A
  1. internal urethral sphincter (invo)
  2. external urethral sphincter (vol)
84
Q

loc of urethra in males and females

A

males - prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra

females - anterior to vaginal opening

85
Q

emptying of the urinary bladder

A

micturition

86
Q

transmit impulses to the sacral region of the spinal cord

A

stretch receptors

87
Q

what causes contractions when impulses travel back to the bladder

A

pelvic splanchnic nerves

88
Q

Blood composition depends on three factors

A

diet
cellular metabolism
urine output

89
Q

four roles in maintaining blood composition

A
  1. Excreting nitrogen-containing wastes
  2. Maintaining water balance of the blood
  3. Maintaining electrolyte balance of the blood
  4. Ensuring proper blood pH
90
Q

normal amount of water in young adult females

A

50%

91
Q

normal amount of water in young adult males

A

60%

92
Q

normal amount of water in babies

A

75%

93
Q

normal amount of water in the elderly

A

45%

94
Q

3 main compartments of water

A
  1. Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
  2. Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
  3. Plasma
95
Q

● Fluid inside cells
● Accounts for two-thirds of body fluid

A

Intracellular Fluid

96
Q

Fluids outside cells; includes blood plasma, interstitial fluid
(IF), lymph, and transcellular fluid

A

ECF

97
Q

Links external and internal environments

A

plasma

98
Q

is the driving force for water intake

A

thirst mechanism

99
Q

sensitive cells in the hypothalamus that become more active in reaction to small changes in plasma solute concentration

A

Osmoreceptors

100
Q

source of water output

A

lungs
perspiration
feces
urine

101
Q

primarily responsible for reabsorption of water and
electrolytes by the kidneys

A

hormones

102
Q

prevents excessive water loss in the urine and increases water reabsorption

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

103
Q

are charged particles (ions) that conduct electrical current in an aqueous solution

A

electrolytes

104
Q

ex of electrolytes

A

Sodium, potassium, and calcium ions

105
Q

helps regulate blood composition and blood volume by acting on the kidney

A

aldosterone

106
Q

Most important trigger for aldosterone release

A

Renin-angiotensin mechanism

107
Q

what mediates Renin-angiotensin mechanism

A

juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus

108
Q

The renin-angiotensin system works due to a

A

drop in blood pressure and blood volume

109
Q

Alkalosis

A

pH above 7.45

110
Q

Acidosis

A

pH below 7.35

111
Q

Physiological acidosis

A

pH between 7.0 and 7.35

112
Q

play greatest role in maintaining acid-base balance

A

kidneys

113
Q

Other acid-base controlling systems

A

blood buffers, respiration

114
Q

acids are __; bases are __

A

proton donors; proton acceptors

115
Q

Three major chemical buffer systems

A
  1. Bicarbonate buffer system
  2. Phosphate buffer system
  3. Protein buffer system
116
Q

the bicarbonate buffer system is a mixture of

A

carbonic acid (H2CO3) and
sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

117
Q

it is a weak acid that does not dissociate much in neutral or acid solutions

A

carbonic acid

118
Q

react with strong acids to change them to weak acids

A

bicarbonate ions

119
Q

it dissociates in the presence of a strong base to form a weak base and water

A

Bicarbonate ions

120
Q

in respiratory mechanisms, blood pH __ when CO2 retains, but is blood pH __ when CO2 is removed

A

decrease
increase

121
Q

In renal mechanisms, Bicarbonate ions are excreted and Hydrogen ions are retained by kidney tubules

A

blood pH rises

122
Q

in renal mechanisms, Bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed and Hydrogen ions are secreted

A

blood pH falls

123
Q

when does kidney begin to develop

A

first few weeks of embryonic life

124
Q

when does the kidney start to excrete urine

A

third month of fetal life

125
Q

congenital abnormalities

A

polycystic kidney
hypospadias

126
Q

cluster of cysts forms in the kidney

A

polycystic kidney

127
Q

opening of the urethra is at the underside of the penis instead of at the tip

A

hypospadias

128
Q

Common urinary system problems in children and young to
middle-aged adults include infections caused by

A

fecal microorganisms,
microorganisms causing sexually transmitted infections, and
Streptococcus

129
Q

the only common problems before old age

A

UTI

130
Q

a bacterium, accounts for 80 percent of UTIs

A

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

131
Q

an uncommon but serious problem in which the kidneys are unable to concentrate urine

A

renal failure

132
Q

what must be done in kidneys to maintain chemical homeostasis of blood

A

dialysis

133
Q

With age, filtration rate __and tubule cells become less
efficient at concentrating urine

A

decreases

134
Q

problems associated with aging

A

urgency
frequency
nocturia
incontinence
urinary retention

135
Q

feeling that it is necessary to void

A

urgency

136
Q

frequent voiding of small amounts of urine

A

Frequency

137
Q

need to get up during the night to urinate

A

Nocturia

138
Q

loss of control

A

Incontinence

139
Q

inability to completely empty the bladder

A

Urinary retention

140
Q

common in males prostate gland a type of Urinary retention

A

hypertrophy

ANAPHY (2 decks)

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