REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards
primary sex organs
testes and ovaries
what does gonads produce
gametes/sex cells & hormones
what connects the testis to the trunk
spermatic cord
the spermatic cord houses the (3)
blood vessels, nerves, & ductus deferens
capsule that surrounds the testis
tunica albuginea
extensions of the capsule that extend into the testis and divide into lobules
septa
tightly coiled structures that forms sperm
seminiferous tubules
sperm made by the seminiferous tubules travels to the __ going to the ___
rete testis ; epididymis
3 duct system that transports sperm
epididymis, ductus/vas deferens, urethra
stores immature sperm temporarily
epididymis
it is where sperm is propelled during ejaculation
ductus/vas deferens
end of the ductus deferens, which empties into the ejaculatory duct
ampulla
passes through the prostate to merge with the urethra
ejaculatory duct
Ductus deferens moves the sperm towards the urethra by
peristalsis
smooth muscle in the walls of the ductus deferens create peristaltic waves to squeeze sperm forward
ejaculation
cutting of the ductus deferens at the level of the testes prevents transportation of sperm (form of birth control)
vasectomy
urethra carries
urine and sperm
what causes the internal urethra sphincter to close
ejaculation
3 regions of urethra
prostatic urethra; membranous urethra; spongy (penile) urethra
surrounded by prostate gland
prostatic urethra
prostatic urethra to penis
membranous urethra
runs the length of the penis to the external urethral orifice
Spongy (penile) urethra
Accessory Glands
seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands
located at the base of the bladder; produces thick yellowish secretion
seminal vesicles
seminal vesicles contain
fructose, vit C, prostaglandins, other substances that nourish the sperm
secretes milky fluid to help activate the sperm
prostate
pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate; produce thick clear mucus
bulbourethral glands
located in the bulbourethral glands and it cleanses the spongy (penile) urethra of acidic urine prior to ejaculation
mucus
lubricant during sexual intercourse
mucus
milky white mixture made up of sperm and other accessory glands secretions
semen
the liquid portion in accessory gland secretions acts as a transport medium to
dilute sperm
provides energy for sperm cells
fructose
helps neutralize the acidic environment of vagina
alkalinity of semen
it inhibits bacteria
semen
Divided sac of skin outside the abdomen that houses the testes
scrotum
viable sperm cannot be produced at
normal body temp
Male organ of copulation that delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract
penis
3 regions of the penis
shaft
glans penis
prepuce
prepuce is often removed by
circumcision
how does erections occur
erectile tissues are filled with blood during sexual excitement
chief roles of male repro
produce sperm and testosterone
production of sperm that begins at puberty and cont throughout life
spermatogenesis
are nonmotile and not functional as sperm
spermatids
3 regions of the sperm
head, midpiece, tail
it sits at the anterior of the sperm head
acrosome
provides genetic instructions for the sperm
head
provides energy for mobility of the sperm
midpiece
provides mobility for the sperm
tail
it stimulates the seminiferous tubules to produce sperm
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
activates the Leydig cells to produce testosterone
luteinizing hormone (LH)
stimulates reproductive organ development and causes secondary sex characteristics
testosterone
it enhances spermatogenesis
testosterone
group of lipids that aside for helping in sperm viability it can also act as hormones that control processes such as inflammation, blood flow, formation of blood clot and induction of labo
prostaglandins
ovaries produces
eggs (ova)
estrogen
progesterone
ovarian follicles in ovaries contains
oocyte
follicle cells
contains immature oocyte
primary follicle
growing follicle with maturing oocyte
vesicular (graafian) follicle
mature egg is ejected from the ovary;
follicle ruptures
ovulation
ovulation happens every
28 days
ruptured follicle turns into
corpus luteum
secure the ovaries to the lateral walls of the pelvis
suspensory ligaments
anchor ovaries to the uterus medially
ovarian ligaments
a fold of peritoneum, enclose and hold the ovaries in place
broad ligaments
receive ovulated oocyte from the ovaries; provide site for fertilization
uterine or fallopian tubes
distal funnel shaped end at uterine
infundibulum
fingerlike projections in infundibulum; receive oocyte
fimbriae
it is inside the uterine tube that transports oocyte
cilia
Receives, retains, nourishes a fertilized egg
uterus
suspends the uterus in the pelvis
broad ligament
anchors the uterus anteriorly
round ligament
anchors the uterus posteriorly
uterosacral ligament
3 regions of the uterus
body
fundus
cervix
main portion of the uterus
body
superior rounded region above where uterine tube enters
fundus
narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina
cervix
narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina
cervix
3 layers of the uterus
endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium
Inner layer (mucosa)
Site of implantation of a fertilized egg
Sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs (menstruation or menses)
endometrium
the middle layer of smooth muscle that contracts during labor
myomitrium
the outermost serous layer of the uterus
perimitrium
Serves as the canal that allows a baby or menstrual flow to leave the body
vagina
Female organ of copulation
Receives the penis during sexual intercourse
vagina
partially closes the vagina until it is ruptured
hymen
parts of the external genitalia or vulva (6)
Mons pubis
Labia
Clitoris
Urethral orifice
Vaginal orifice
Greater vestibular glands
Fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis;
Covered with pubic hair after puberty
mons pubis
skin folds
labia
Hair-covered skin folds
Enclose the labia minora
Also encloses the vestibule
labia majora
delicate, hair-free folds of skin
labia minora
Enclosed by labia majora
Contains external openings of the urethra and vagina
vestibule
Secretions lubricate vagina during intercourse
greater vestibular glands
Contains erectile tissue
Corresponds to the male penis
clitoris
similarities of clitoris with penis
has prepuce
erectile tissue
swollen w/ blood during sexual excitement
the clitoris lack
reproductive duct
Diamond-shaped region between the anterior ends of the labial folds, anus posteriorly, and ischial tuberosities laterally
perineum
ability to release egg begins at __ with the onset of __
puberty
menstrual cycle
reproductive ability ends at
menopause
process of producing ova
oogenesis
female stem cells found in a developing fetus
oogonia
oogonia undergo mitosis to produce
primary oocyte
primary oocyte are __ until puberty
inactive
causes some primary follicles to mature each month
FSH
Cyclic monthly changes
ovarian cycle
starts inside maturing follicle
meiosis
produced during first meiotic division
larger secondary oocyte
smaller first polar body
what stimulates the ovulation of secondary oocyte
LH
Secondary oocyte is released and surrounded by a
corona radiata
during meiosis males produce _ and females produce _
4 functional sperm
1 functional ovum and 3 tiny polar bodies
tiny, motile, and equipped with nutrients in seminal fluid
sperm
large, is nonmotile, and has nutrient reserves to nourish the embryo until implantation
egg
causes secondary sex characteristics in females__ and are produced by__
estrogen
follicle cells
Progesterone helps maintain pregnancy by
increasing blood supply in the endometrium where the fertilized egg is implanted
Prepares the breasts for milk production
progesterone
progesterone is produced by
corpus luteum
when does ovulation occurs
midway through the cycle DAY 14
3 stages of mentrual cycle
Days 1-5: Menstrual Phase
Days 6-14: Proliferative Phase
Days 15-28: Secretory Phase
Functional layer of the endometrium is sloughed
Bleeding occurs for 3 to 5 days
Menstrual Phase
During Menstrual Phase, the ovarian hormones are at what level
lowest level
during Menstrual Phase, at day 5 growing ovarian follicles are producing more __
estrogen
Endometrium is repaired, thickens, and becomes well vascularized
Proliferative Phase
during Proliferative Phase what happens to estrogen
estrogen levels rise
at the end of Proliferative Phase, where does ovulation occurs
ovary (day 14)
Corpus luteum produces this hormone that helps in the thickening and vascularization of the endometrium
at what stage does this happpen?
progesterone
Secretory Phase
when fertilization occurs, this hormone is produced by the embryo
human chorionic gonadotropin
this hormone causes the corpus luteum to continue producing its hormones
human chorionic gonadotropin
what happens when fertilization does not occur
corpus luteum degenerates and LH blood levels decline
it functions to produce milk to nourish a newborn
mammary gland
mammary glands are stimulated by __ to increase in size
estrogens
7 parts of the mammary glands
areola
nipple
lobes
lobules
alveolar glands
lactiferous ducts
lactiferous sinus
central pigmented area
areola
Protruding central area of areola
nipple
Internal structures that radiate around nipple
lobes
Located w/in each lobe and contain clusters of alveolar glands
lobules
Produce milk when a woman is lactating (producing milk)
alveolar glands
Connect alveolar glands to nipple
lactiferous ducts
Dilated portion where milk accumulates
lactiferous sinus
time from fertilization until infant is born
pregnancy
developing offspring
conceptus
developing offspring
embryo
week 9 until birth
fetus
from date of last period until birth (approximately 280 days)
Gestation period
An oocyte is viable up to how many hrs after ovulation
24 hrs
sperm are viable up to how many hours after ejaculation
48
For fertilization to occur, sexual intercourse must occur
no more than 2 days before ovulation and no later than 24 hours after
it occurs when the genetic material of a sperm combines with that of an oocyte
fertilization
First cell of a new individual
zygote
the result of the fusion of DNA from sperm and egg
zygote
The zygote begins rapid mitotic cell divisions after 24 hrs
cleavage
3 days after ovulation, the embryo reaches the uterus and floats as __ a ball of 16 cells
morula
Hollow, ball-like structure of 100 cells or more
Blastocyst (chorionic vesicle)
Blastocyst (chorionic vesicle) secretes
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
it induces the corpus luteum to continue producing hormones, preventing menses, until the placenta assumes its role
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
large fluid-filled sphere
Trophoblast
cluster of cells to one side
Inner cell mass
what happens to blastocyst by day 7 after ovulation
it is attached to the endometrium
Inner cell mass of blastocyst develops into
primary germ cells
outside layer, which gives rise to nervous system and epidermis of skin
ectoderm
3 primary germ layes
ectoderm
endoderm
mesoderm
inside layer, which forms mucosae and associated glands
endoderm
middle layer, which gives rise to everything else
mesoderm
After implantation, the trophoblast of the blastocyst develops
chorionic villi
combine with tissues of the uterus to form the placenta
Chorionic villi
Once the placenta has formed, the __ is attached to the placenta by an umbilical cord
amnion
fluid-filled sac that surrounds the embryo
amnion
blood vessel–containing stalk of tissue
umbilical cord
Forms a barrier between mother and embryo
placenta
Delivers nutrients and oxygen and Removes wastes from embryonic blood
placenta
by the end of second month the placenta becomes an endocrine gland and takes over for the __
corpus luteum
produces estrogen, progesterone, and
other hormones that maintain pregnancy
placenta
when are the organs completely formed
eighth week
period from conception until birth
pregnancy
anatomical changes during or after pregnancy
○ Enlargement of the uterus
○ Accentuated lumbar curvature (lordosis)
○ Relaxation of the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis due to production of the hormone relaxin
Accentuated lumbar curvature
lordosis
this hormone causes the relaxation of the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis
relaxin
physiological changes in pregnancy (gastrointestinal system)
morning sickness
heartburn
constipation
common and is due to elevated progesterone and estrogens
morning sickeness
common because of organ crowding by the fetus
heartburn
caused by declining motility of the digestive tract
constipation
true or false, during preg kidneys produce more urine and the uterus compresses the bladder causing incontinence
true
the series of events that expel the infant from the uterus; Rhythmic, expulsive contractions
labor
labor is operated by
positive feedback mechanism
during labor the placenta releases
prostaglandins
during labor the pituitary releases
oxytocin
initiates contractions and forces the baby deeper into the mother’s pelvis
oxytocin and prostaglandins
group of lipids acting as hormones that control processes
such as inflammation, blood flow, formation of blood clot
and induction of labor
prostaglandins
3 stages of labor
dilation
expulsion
placental stage
Uterine contractions begin and increase
dilation
Cervix softens and effaces (thins)
dilation
The amnion ruptures (“breaking the water”)
dilation
Longest stage of labor, at 6 to 12 hours
dilation
Infant passes through the cervix and vagina
expulsion
Can last as long as 2 hours, but typically is 50 minutes in the first birth and 20 minutes in subsequent births
expulsion
normal delivery is
head first (vertex position)
buttocks first
breech presentation
delivery of placenta
placental stage
Usually accomplished within 15 minutes after birth of infant
placental stage
All placental fragments should be removed to avoid
postpartum bleeding
first menstrual period
menarche
birth control
contraception
most-used contraceptive
BIRTH CONTROL PILL
Ovarian follicles do not mature, ovulation ceases, menstrual flow is reduced
BIRTH CONTROL PILL
Taken within 3 days of unprotected intercourse
MORNING-AFTER PILL (MAP)
Disrupts normal hormonal signals to the point that fertilization is prevented
MAP
Other hormonal birth control devices cause cervical mucus to thicken
Minipill & Norplant
Plastic or metal device inserted into uterus;
Prevents implantation of fertilized egg
INTRAUTERINE DEVICE (IUD
withdrawal of penis prior to ejaculation
COITUS INTERRUPTUS
cut or cauterize uterine tubes (females)
tubal ligation
cut or cauterize uterine tubes (males)
Vasectomy
avoid intercourse during period of ovulation or fertility
rhythm (fertility awareness)
termination of pregnancy
abortion
spontaneous abortion is common and frequently occurs before a woman knows she is pregnant
miscarriage
induces miscarriage during first 7 weeks of pregnancy
Abortion Pill RU 486
a whole year has passed without menstruation
Menopause
○ Ovaries stop functioning as endocrine organs
○ Childbearing ability ends
○ Hot flashes and mood changes may occur
Menopause
