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ANAPHY > REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

primary sex organs

A

testes and ovaries

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2
Q

what does gonads produce

A

gametes/sex cells & hormones

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3
Q

what connects the testis to the trunk

A

spermatic cord

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4
Q

the spermatic cord houses the (3)

A

blood vessels, nerves, & ductus deferens

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5
Q

capsule that surrounds the testis

A

tunica albuginea

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6
Q

extensions of the capsule that extend into the testis and divide into lobules

A

septa

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7
Q

tightly coiled structures that forms sperm

A

seminiferous tubules

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8
Q

sperm made by the seminiferous tubules travels to the __ going to the ___

A

rete testis ; epididymis

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9
Q

3 duct system that transports sperm

A

epididymis, ductus/vas deferens, urethra

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10
Q

stores immature sperm temporarily

A

epididymis

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11
Q

it is where sperm is propelled during ejaculation

A

ductus/vas deferens

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12
Q

end of the ductus deferens, which empties into the ejaculatory duct

A

ampulla

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13
Q

passes through the prostate to merge with the urethra

A

ejaculatory duct

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14
Q

Ductus deferens moves the sperm towards the urethra by

A

peristalsis

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15
Q

smooth muscle in the walls of the ductus deferens create peristaltic waves to squeeze sperm forward

A

ejaculation

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16
Q

cutting of the ductus deferens at the level of the testes prevents transportation of sperm (form of birth control)

A

vasectomy

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17
Q

urethra carries

A

urine and sperm

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18
Q

what causes the internal urethra sphincter to close

A

ejaculation

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19
Q

3 regions of urethra

A

prostatic urethra; membranous urethra; spongy (penile) urethra

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20
Q

surrounded by prostate gland

A

prostatic urethra

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21
Q

prostatic urethra to penis

A

membranous urethra

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22
Q

runs the length of the penis to the external urethral orifice

A

Spongy (penile) urethra

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23
Q

Accessory Glands

A

seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands

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24
Q

located at the base of the bladder; produces thick yellowish secretion

A

seminal vesicles

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25
Q

seminal vesicles contain

A

fructose, vit C, prostaglandins, other substances that nourish the sperm

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26
Q

secretes milky fluid to help activate the sperm

A

prostate

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27
Q

pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate; produce thick clear mucus

A

bulbourethral glands

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28
Q

located in the bulbourethral glands and it cleanses the spongy (penile) urethra of acidic urine prior to ejaculation

A

mucus

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29
Q

lubricant during sexual intercourse

A

mucus

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30
Q

milky white mixture made up of sperm and other accessory glands secretions

A

semen

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31
Q

the liquid portion in accessory gland secretions acts as a transport medium to

A

dilute sperm

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32
Q

provides energy for sperm cells

A

fructose

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33
Q

helps neutralize the acidic environment of vagina

A

alkalinity of semen

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34
Q

it inhibits bacteria

A

semen

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35
Q

Divided sac of skin outside the abdomen that houses the testes

A

scrotum

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36
Q

viable sperm cannot be produced at

A

normal body temp

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37
Q

Male organ of copulation that delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract

A

penis

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38
Q

3 regions of the penis

A

shaft
glans penis
prepuce

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39
Q

prepuce is often removed by

A

circumcision

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40
Q

how does erections occur

A

erectile tissues are filled with blood during sexual excitement

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41
Q

chief roles of male repro

A

produce sperm and testosterone

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42
Q

production of sperm that begins at puberty and cont throughout life

A

spermatogenesis

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43
Q

are nonmotile and not functional as sperm

A

spermatids

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44
Q

3 regions of the sperm

A

head, midpiece, tail

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45
Q

it sits at the anterior of the sperm head

A

acrosome

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46
Q

provides genetic instructions for the sperm

A

head

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47
Q

provides energy for mobility of the sperm

A

midpiece

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48
Q

provides mobility for the sperm

A

tail

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49
Q

it stimulates the seminiferous tubules to produce sperm

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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50
Q

activates the Leydig cells to produce testosterone

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)

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51
Q

stimulates reproductive organ development and causes secondary sex characteristics

A

testosterone

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52
Q

it enhances spermatogenesis

A

testosterone

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53
Q

group of lipids that aside for helping in sperm viability it can also act as hormones that control processes such as inflammation, blood flow, formation of blood clot and induction of labo

A

prostaglandins

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54
Q

ovaries produces

A

eggs (ova)
estrogen
progesterone

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55
Q

ovarian follicles in ovaries contains

A

oocyte
follicle cells

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56
Q

contains immature oocyte

A

primary follicle

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57
Q

growing follicle with maturing oocyte

A

vesicular (graafian) follicle

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58
Q

mature egg is ejected from the ovary;
follicle ruptures

A

ovulation

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59
Q

ovulation happens every

A

28 days

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60
Q

ruptured follicle turns into

A

corpus luteum

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61
Q

secure the ovaries to the lateral walls of the pelvis

A

suspensory ligaments

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62
Q

anchor ovaries to the uterus medially

A

ovarian ligaments

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63
Q

a fold of peritoneum, enclose and hold the ovaries in place

A

broad ligaments

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64
Q

receive ovulated oocyte from the ovaries; provide site for fertilization

A

uterine or fallopian tubes

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65
Q

distal funnel shaped end at uterine

A

infundibulum

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66
Q

fingerlike projections in infundibulum; receive oocyte

A

fimbriae

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67
Q

it is inside the uterine tube that transports oocyte

A

cilia

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68
Q

Receives, retains, nourishes a fertilized egg

A

uterus

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69
Q

suspends the uterus in the pelvis

A

broad ligament

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70
Q

anchors the uterus anteriorly

A

round ligament

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71
Q

anchors the uterus posteriorly

A

uterosacral ligament

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72
Q

3 regions of the uterus

A

body
fundus
cervix

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73
Q

main portion of the uterus

A

body

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74
Q

superior rounded region above where uterine tube enters

A

fundus

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75
Q

narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina

A

cervix

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76
Q

narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina

A

cervix

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76
Q

3 layers of the uterus

A

endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium

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77
Q

Inner layer (mucosa)
Site of implantation of a fertilized egg
Sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs (menstruation or menses)

A

endometrium

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78
Q

the middle layer of smooth muscle that contracts during labor

A

myomitrium

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79
Q

the outermost serous layer of the uterus

A

perimitrium

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80
Q

Serves as the canal that allows a baby or menstrual flow to leave the body

A

vagina

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81
Q

Female organ of copulation
Receives the penis during sexual intercourse

A

vagina

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82
Q

partially closes the vagina until it is ruptured

A

hymen

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83
Q

parts of the external genitalia or vulva (6)

A

Mons pubis
Labia
Clitoris
Urethral orifice
Vaginal orifice
Greater vestibular glands

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84
Q

Fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis;
Covered with pubic hair after puberty

A

mons pubis

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85
Q

skin folds

A

labia

86
Q

Hair-covered skin folds
Enclose the labia minora
Also encloses the vestibule

A

labia majora

87
Q

delicate, hair-free folds of skin

A

labia minora

88
Q

Enclosed by labia majora
Contains external openings of the urethra and vagina

A

vestibule

89
Q

Secretions lubricate vagina during intercourse

A

greater vestibular glands

90
Q

Contains erectile tissue
Corresponds to the male penis

A

clitoris

91
Q

similarities of clitoris with penis

A

has prepuce
erectile tissue
swollen w/ blood during sexual excitement

92
Q

the clitoris lack

A

reproductive duct

93
Q

Diamond-shaped region between the anterior ends of the labial folds, anus posteriorly, and ischial tuberosities laterally

A

perineum

94
Q

ability to release egg begins at __ with the onset of __

A

puberty
menstrual cycle

95
Q

reproductive ability ends at

A

menopause

96
Q

process of producing ova

A

oogenesis

97
Q

female stem cells found in a developing fetus

A

oogonia

98
Q

oogonia undergo mitosis to produce

A

primary oocyte

99
Q

primary oocyte are __ until puberty

A

inactive

100
Q

causes some primary follicles to mature each month

A

FSH

101
Q

Cyclic monthly changes

A

ovarian cycle

102
Q

starts inside maturing follicle

A

meiosis

103
Q

produced during first meiotic division

A

larger secondary oocyte
smaller first polar body

104
Q

what stimulates the ovulation of secondary oocyte

A

LH

105
Q

Secondary oocyte is released and surrounded by a

A

corona radiata

106
Q

during meiosis males produce _ and females produce _

A

4 functional sperm
1 functional ovum and 3 tiny polar bodies

107
Q

tiny, motile, and equipped with nutrients in seminal fluid

A

sperm

108
Q

large, is nonmotile, and has nutrient reserves to nourish the embryo until implantation

A

egg

109
Q

causes secondary sex characteristics in females__ and are produced by__

A

estrogen
follicle cells

110
Q

Progesterone helps maintain pregnancy by

A

increasing blood supply in the endometrium where the fertilized egg is implanted

111
Q

Prepares the breasts for milk production

A

progesterone

112
Q

progesterone is produced by

A

corpus luteum

113
Q

when does ovulation occurs

A

midway through the cycle DAY 14

114
Q

3 stages of mentrual cycle

A

Days 1-5: Menstrual Phase
Days 6-14: Proliferative Phase
Days 15-28: Secretory Phase

115
Q

Functional layer of the endometrium is sloughed
Bleeding occurs for 3 to 5 days

A

Menstrual Phase

116
Q

During Menstrual Phase, the ovarian hormones are at what level

A

lowest level

117
Q

during Menstrual Phase, at day 5 growing ovarian follicles are producing more __

A

estrogen

118
Q

Endometrium is repaired, thickens, and becomes well vascularized

A

Proliferative Phase

119
Q

during Proliferative Phase what happens to estrogen

A

estrogen levels rise

120
Q

at the end of Proliferative Phase, where does ovulation occurs

A

ovary (day 14)

121
Q

Corpus luteum produces this hormone that helps in the thickening and vascularization of the endometrium

at what stage does this happpen?

A

progesterone

Secretory Phase

122
Q

when fertilization occurs, this hormone is produced by the embryo

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

123
Q

this hormone causes the corpus luteum to continue producing its hormones

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

124
Q

what happens when fertilization does not occur

A

corpus luteum degenerates and LH blood levels decline

125
Q

it functions to produce milk to nourish a newborn

A

mammary gland

126
Q

mammary glands are stimulated by __ to increase in size

A

estrogens

127
Q

7 parts of the mammary glands

A

areola
nipple
lobes
lobules
alveolar glands
lactiferous ducts
lactiferous sinus

128
Q

central pigmented area

A

areola

129
Q

Protruding central area of areola

A

nipple

130
Q

Internal structures that radiate around nipple

A

lobes

131
Q

Located w/in each lobe and contain clusters of alveolar glands

A

lobules

132
Q

Produce milk when a woman is lactating (producing milk)

A

alveolar glands

133
Q

Connect alveolar glands to nipple

A

lactiferous ducts

134
Q

Dilated portion where milk accumulates

A

lactiferous sinus

135
Q

time from fertilization until infant is born

A

pregnancy

136
Q

developing offspring

A

conceptus

137
Q

developing offspring

A

embryo

138
Q

week 9 until birth

A

fetus

139
Q

from date of last period until birth (approximately 280 days)

A

Gestation period

140
Q

An oocyte is viable up to how many hrs after ovulation

A

24 hrs

141
Q

sperm are viable up to how many hours after ejaculation

A

48

142
Q

For fertilization to occur, sexual intercourse must occur

A

no more than 2 days before ovulation and no later than 24 hours after

143
Q

it occurs when the genetic material of a sperm combines with that of an oocyte

A

fertilization

144
Q

First cell of a new individual

A

zygote

145
Q

the result of the fusion of DNA from sperm and egg

A

zygote

146
Q

The zygote begins rapid mitotic cell divisions after 24 hrs

A

cleavage

147
Q

3 days after ovulation, the embryo reaches the uterus and floats as __ a ball of 16 cells

A

morula

148
Q

Hollow, ball-like structure of 100 cells or more

A

Blastocyst (chorionic vesicle)

149
Q

Blastocyst (chorionic vesicle) secretes

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

150
Q

it induces the corpus luteum to continue producing hormones, preventing menses, until the placenta assumes its role

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

151
Q

large fluid-filled sphere

A

Trophoblast

152
Q

cluster of cells to one side

A

Inner cell mass

153
Q

what happens to blastocyst by day 7 after ovulation

A

it is attached to the endometrium

154
Q

Inner cell mass of blastocyst develops into

A

primary germ cells

155
Q

outside layer, which gives rise to nervous system and epidermis of skin

A

ectoderm

156
Q

3 primary germ layes

A

ectoderm
endoderm
mesoderm

157
Q

inside layer, which forms mucosae and associated glands

A

endoderm

158
Q

middle layer, which gives rise to everything else

A

mesoderm

159
Q

After implantation, the trophoblast of the blastocyst develops

A

chorionic villi

160
Q

combine with tissues of the uterus to form the placenta

A

Chorionic villi

161
Q

Once the placenta has formed, the __ is attached to the placenta by an umbilical cord

A

amnion

162
Q

fluid-filled sac that surrounds the embryo

A

amnion

163
Q

blood vessel–containing stalk of tissue

A

umbilical cord

164
Q

Forms a barrier between mother and embryo

A

placenta

165
Q

Delivers nutrients and oxygen and Removes wastes from embryonic blood

A

placenta

166
Q

by the end of second month the placenta becomes an endocrine gland and takes over for the __

A

corpus luteum

167
Q

produces estrogen, progesterone, and
other hormones that maintain pregnancy

A

placenta

168
Q

when are the organs completely formed

A

eighth week

169
Q

period from conception until birth

A

pregnancy

170
Q

anatomical changes during or after pregnancy

A

○ Enlargement of the uterus
○ Accentuated lumbar curvature (lordosis)
○ Relaxation of the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis due to production of the hormone relaxin

171
Q

Accentuated lumbar curvature

A

lordosis

172
Q

this hormone causes the relaxation of the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis

A

relaxin

173
Q

physiological changes in pregnancy (gastrointestinal system)

A

morning sickness
heartburn
constipation

174
Q

common and is due to elevated progesterone and estrogens

A

morning sickeness

175
Q

common because of organ crowding by the fetus

A

heartburn

176
Q

caused by declining motility of the digestive tract

A

constipation

177
Q

true or false, during preg kidneys produce more urine and the uterus compresses the bladder causing incontinence

A

true

178
Q

the series of events that expel the infant from the uterus; Rhythmic, expulsive contractions

A

labor

179
Q

labor is operated by

A

positive feedback mechanism

180
Q

during labor the placenta releases

A

prostaglandins

181
Q

during labor the pituitary releases

A

oxytocin

182
Q

initiates contractions and forces the baby deeper into the mother’s pelvis

A

oxytocin and prostaglandins

183
Q

group of lipids acting as hormones that control processes
such as inflammation, blood flow, formation of blood clot
and induction of labor

A

prostaglandins

184
Q

3 stages of labor

A

dilation
expulsion
placental stage

185
Q

Uterine contractions begin and increase

A

dilation

186
Q

Cervix softens and effaces (thins)

A

dilation

187
Q

The amnion ruptures (“breaking the water”)

A

dilation

188
Q

Longest stage of labor, at 6 to 12 hours

A

dilation

189
Q

Infant passes through the cervix and vagina

A

expulsion

190
Q

Can last as long as 2 hours, but typically is 50 minutes in the first birth and 20 minutes in subsequent births

A

expulsion

191
Q

normal delivery is

A

head first (vertex position)

192
Q

buttocks first

A

breech presentation

193
Q

delivery of placenta

A

placental stage

194
Q

Usually accomplished within 15 minutes after birth of infant

A

placental stage

195
Q

All placental fragments should be removed to avoid

A

postpartum bleeding

196
Q

first menstrual period

A

menarche

197
Q

birth control

A

contraception

198
Q

most-used contraceptive

A

BIRTH CONTROL PILL

199
Q

Ovarian follicles do not mature, ovulation ceases, menstrual flow is reduced

A

BIRTH CONTROL PILL

200
Q

Taken within 3 days of unprotected intercourse

A

MORNING-AFTER PILL (MAP)

201
Q

Disrupts normal hormonal signals to the point that fertilization is prevented

A

MAP

202
Q

Other hormonal birth control devices cause cervical mucus to thicken

A

Minipill & Norplant

203
Q

Plastic or metal device inserted into uterus;
Prevents implantation of fertilized egg

A

INTRAUTERINE DEVICE (IUD

204
Q

withdrawal of penis prior to ejaculation

A

COITUS INTERRUPTUS

205
Q

cut or cauterize uterine tubes (females)

A

tubal ligation

206
Q

cut or cauterize uterine tubes (males)

A

Vasectomy

207
Q

avoid intercourse during period of ovulation or fertility

A

rhythm (fertility awareness)

208
Q

termination of pregnancy

A

abortion

209
Q

spontaneous abortion is common and frequently occurs before a woman knows she is pregnant

A

miscarriage

210
Q

induces miscarriage during first 7 weeks of pregnancy

A

Abortion Pill RU 486

211
Q

a whole year has passed without menstruation

A

Menopause

212
Q

○ Ovaries stop functioning as endocrine organs
○ Childbearing ability ends
○ Hot flashes and mood changes may occur

A

Menopause

ANAPHY (2 decks)

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