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erus-histology > urinary system > Flashcards

urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

kidney is surrounded by a dense connective tissue ___
Enery/exit of structures to kidney is called ___

A

capsule
hilum

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2
Q

parenchyma of kidney is divided into

A

cortex: outer reddish-brown part (more blood), renal corpuscle
medulla : lighter colored only straight tubules

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3
Q

organization of straight ducts in medulla

A

aligned radially from papilla

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4
Q

renal pyramid

A

8-18 conical structures
contain straight tubules, collecting ducts, vasa recta

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5
Q

renal columns

A

cortical tissue between renal pyramids

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6
Q

aggregation of straight tubules and collecting ducts in the cortex is called __

A

medullary ray

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7
Q

parenchyma between medullary rays, containing renal corpuscle and convoluted tubules

A

cortical labyrinth

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8
Q

what is a renal lobe

A

renal pyramid and its associated cortical tissue (overlying cortex + 1/2 surrounding column)

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9
Q

true/false
human kidney is multilobar

A

true
laboratory animals are unilobar

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10
Q

apex of renal pyramid is called ___. Its perforated tip where urine drains into minor calyces is ___

A

renal papilla
area cribrosa

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11
Q

initial portion of excretory passages in urinary system

A

minor calyx

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12
Q

minor calyx –> ___ –> ___

A

major calyx
renal pelvis

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13
Q

kidneys have a special vasculature organization

A

arterial portal system
afferent arterioles –> glomerulus (capillary) –> efferent arterioles –> peritubular/vasa recta (capillary)

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14
Q

peritubular capillaries are associated with

A

convoluted tubules
(found in cortex)

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15
Q

vasa recta is associated with

A

loop of Henle
(juxtamedullary nephrons)

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16
Q

uriniferous tubule

A

nephron + collecting duct

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17
Q

functional and structural unit of kidney

A

nephron

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18
Q

what is renal corpuscle

A

composed of glomerulus and bowman’s capsule
function: filtration

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19
Q

which structures function is reabsorption and secretion in kidneys?

A

renal tubules

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20
Q

final filtrate concentration is determined by which sturcture in kidney?

A

collecting duct

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21
Q

2 types of nephrons

A

cortical (subcapsular)
juxtamedullary
intermediate (midcortical) nephrons

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22
Q

which nephron is essential for urine concentration

A

juxtamedullary

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23
Q

cortical nephron
renal corpuscle located in ___
loop of henle extends to ___
____ thin segments in loop of henle

A

renal corpuscle located in outer cortex
loop of henle extends to outer medulla
descending thin segments in loop of henle

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24
Q

juxtamedullary nephron
renal corpuscle located in ___
loop of henle extends to ___
____ thin segments in loop of henle

A

renal corpuscle located in inner cortex
loop of henle extends to inner medulla
ascending and descending thin segments in loop of henle

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25
Q

vascular component of renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus

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26
Q

epithelial component of renal corpuscle

A

bowman’s capsule

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27
Q

2 poles of renal corpuscle

A

vascular pole
urinary pole : continues with proximal convoluted

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28
Q

layers of bowman’s capsule

A

parietal layer: simple squamous
visceral layer: podocytes

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29
Q

filtration barrier in glomerulus

A

glomerular endothelium
basement membrane
visceral layer of bowman’s capsule = podocytes

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30
Q

glomerular endothelium has a size filter by ___
has a charge filter by ___

A

size –> fenestration without diaphragm
charge –> negatively charged polyanionic proteoglycans

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31
Q

glomerular basement membrane is produced by ___

A

endothelial cells and podocytes

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32
Q

space between pedicels is called ___ these spaces ___ diaphragms

A

filtration slits
have diaphragms

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33
Q

type of capillary of glomerulus

A

fenestrated

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34
Q

3 layers of glomerular basement membrane

A

lamina densa (middle layer): type 4 collagen
lamina rara interna (subendothelial)
lamina rara externa (subepithelial): - GAGs, laminin, fibronectin

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35
Q

what are pedicels

A

secondary processes of podocytes
in direct contact with basement membrane

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36
Q

slit diaphragm is composed of ___
function:

A

nephrin
size selective filter, bridge neighboring pedicels

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37
Q

major barrier for protein leakage in renal corpuscle

A

slit diaphragm

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38
Q

parietal layer of bowman’s capsule is lined by ___
it is continuous with __

A

simple squamous
cuboidal epithelium of proximal convoluted tubule

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39
Q

what structure receives the glomerular ultrafiltrate (primary urine)

A

bowman’s space = urinary space

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40
Q

specialized pericyes with characteristics of smooth muscle cell and macrophages

A

mesengial cells

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41
Q

2 types of mesengial cell

A

intraglomerular : enclosed by basal membrane
extraglomerular mesengical cells: located outside renal corpuscle

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42
Q

functions of mesengial cells

A

physical support
contraction
phagocytosis
immune secretion

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43
Q

renal lobule

A

central medullary ray + cortical nephrons draining into that collecting duct

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44
Q

renal lobule is located between ___

A

2 adjacent interlobular arteries

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45
Q

renal secretory unit is __

A

renal lobule

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46
Q

proximal convoluted ducts
lined by ___
in the apical site:
in the basal site:
___ cytoplasm

A

lined by simple cuboidal
in the apical site: microvilli –> brush border –> irregular lumen
in the basal site: basal striations –> basolateral infolding for mitochondria
acidophilic cytoplasm

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47
Q

PC is ___ active than DC so it is more ___
PC cells are ___ than DC cells (shape)
Lumen of PC is ___ while lumen of DC is __

A

PC is more active than DC so it is more acidophilic
PC cells are longer and taller than DC cells (shape)
Lumen of PC is irregular while lumen of DC is regular

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48
Q

proximal tubules have special channels for
water:
glucose:

A

water: AQP1
glucose: SGLT2, GLUT2

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49
Q

how does proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb proteins and hormones?

A

endocytose and degrade to amino acids in lysosomes

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50
Q

vitamin D3 activation occurs in which part of nephron

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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51
Q

thick parts of loop of Henle is lined by ___
thin parts of loop of Henle is lined by ___

A

thick –> simple cuboidal
thin –> simple squamous

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52
Q

which part of loop of henle is permeable to water

A

descending limb –> tubular fluid osmolality increases

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53
Q

permeability of ascending loop of henle

A

impermeable to water
permeable to ions
thick ascending: actively transports ions

54
Q

thick ascending limb synthesizes __ protein

A

Tamm-horsfall

55
Q

distal proximal tubules absorption

A

impermeable to water
ion secretion
parathyroid hormone regulated Ca reabsorption

56
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of

A

macula densa
juxtaglomerular cells
extraglomerular mesangial cells

57
Q

what is macula densa

A

modified terminal distal straight tubule cells close to afferent arteriole
narrower and taller
crowded apical nuclei

58
Q

what are juxtaglomerular cells

A

modified smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole
also called granular cells: contain renin granules

59
Q

___ Na is detected by macula densa, which stimulates renin release from ____ cells.
Renin converts ____.
Angiotensin 1 is converted to angiotensin 2 by ACE in ___
Angiotensin 2 stimulates aldosterone production ___

A

decreased
juxtaglomerular
angiotensin –> angiotensin 1
endothelial cells of lung capillary
zona glomerulosa

60
Q

glomerulosclerosis

A

destruction of glomerular capillaries by fibrous tissue

61
Q

in collecting ducts, cell boundaries __

A

are clear by light microscopy

62
Q

cortical collecting ducts are lined by ___
medullary collecting ducts are lined by ___

A

squamous-cuboidal
cuboidal-columnar

63
Q

2 type of cells in collecting ducts

A

principal cells
intercalated cell

64
Q

principal cells

A

single primary cilium
AQP2 channels
mineralocorticoid receptors

65
Q

intercalated cells

A

dark cells
abundant mitochondria
a –> H secretion
b–> HCO3 secretion

66
Q

function of excretory passages

A

no urine modification
temporary storage and voiding of urine

67
Q

ureter is lined by ___

A

transitional epithelium (3-5 cell layer)

68
Q

the muscularis layer of ureter

A

inner longitudinal
outer circular

69
Q

in excretory passages ___ move the urine toward bladder

A

peristaltic contraction

70
Q

urothelium
cell type:
number of cell layers:
basal layer:
function:

A

cell type: umbrella cell
–> shape depends on filling. Dome-shaped when empty
number of cell layers: depend on filling state (1-5)
basal layer: stem cell
function: impermeable to salt and water, protect tissues from urine

71
Q

apical plasma membrane of umbrella cells contains ___ composed of ___ protein which provides ___

A

urothelial plaques, uroplakin protein
urothelial permeability barrier

72
Q

what is the normal plasmalemma called on apical plasma membrane of umbrella cells

A

hinge regions

73
Q

fusiform vesicles of umbrella cells

A

similar structure to urothelial plaques
–> facilitate expansion, folding

74
Q

ureter has adventitia or serosa

A

adventitia because it is retroperitoneal

75
Q

muscular layer is called ___ muscle in urinary bladder

A

detrusor muscle

76
Q

detrusor muscle organization

A

inner longitudinal
middle circular
outer longitudinal

77
Q

upper part of urinary bladder is covered by ___ rest is covered by ___

A

serosa
adventitia

78
Q

transitional epithelium of urinary bladder is ___ cell layers

A

> 6

79
Q

female urethra epithelium

A

transitional –> stratified columnar –> stratified squamous

80
Q

lamina propria of female urethra

A

high vascularization
urethral glands (more in proximal part)

81
Q

3 portions of male urethra

A

prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
penile (spongy) urethra

82
Q

prostatic urethra is lined by ___ and receives __

A

transitional epithelium
ejaculatory duct and prostatic duct

83
Q

membranous urethra is lined by __

A

stratified-pseudostratified epithelium

84
Q

penile urethra is surrounded by ___
lined by ___
it receives ___

A

corpus spongiosum
stratifed columnar /stratified squamous
bulbourethral glands and urethral glands

85
Q

kidney develop from which embryonic germ layer

A

intermediate mesoderm

86
Q

location of intermediate mesoderm

A

between paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm
posterior to coelomic cavity

87
Q

kidney system developing in intrauterine life

A
  1. pronephros
  2. mesonephros
  3. metanephros
88
Q

pronephros
located ____
regresses by ___

A

most cranially
week 5

89
Q

the segments of pronephros is called ___
each of them contains ____

A

nephrotome
pronephric tubules and ducts

90
Q

pronephros (is each structure formed?)
glomerulus?
renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus: is present
renal corpuscle: glomerulus have not formed connection with tubules so no
–> if ultrafiltration occurs empty into coelomic cavity

91
Q

during regression of pronephros, ___ persist and is used by ___

A

pronephric duct
mesonephros

92
Q

mesonephros is located ___

A

thoracic to lumbar region

93
Q

does segmentation seen in mesonephros?

A

yes

94
Q

which structures have formed in mesonephros?

A

glomerulus is integrated with S-shaped mesonephric tubules which drain into mesonephric duct

95
Q

is renal corpuscle formed at mesonephros?

A

yes, there is urine production

96
Q

what happens to mesonephric duct after mesonephros has degenerated?

A

in females completely degenerates
in males contributes to genital ducts

97
Q

metanephros is located at ___
it is composed of 2 portions

A

sacral region
ureteric bud , metanephrogenic blastema

98
Q

definitive kidney system is formed by ___

A

metanephros

99
Q

ureteric bud will give rise to ___

A

excretory passages and collecting duct

100
Q

ureteric buds formation

A

diverticulum from caudal mesonephric duct

101
Q

metanephrogenic blastema give rise to

A

renal tubule and bowman capsule

102
Q

which set of embryonic kidneys are functional in humans?

A

pronephros
mesonephros
metanephros

103
Q

ureter forms from ___

A

stalk of the ureteric bud

104
Q

renal pelvis forms from ___

A

the expansion of cranial part of ureteric bud

105
Q

major/minor calyces and collecting ducts form after ___

A

repetitive branching of ureteric bud

106
Q

uriniferous tubule is derived from ___

A

ureteric bud and metanephrogenic blastema

107
Q

nephron is derived from __

A

metanephrogenic blastema

108
Q

formation of uriniferous tubule depend on ___ and ___ induction

A

epithelial-mesenchymal transition
reciprocal induction

109
Q

nephron initially forms from ___, which then obtains a lumen and forms bowman capsule and S-shape tubule

A

renal vesicle

110
Q

true/false
nephrons have regeneration capacity

A

false:
nephron formation is complete at birth ,
no new nephrons are formed

111
Q

true/false
during fetal life, fetus excreted waste products via urine

A

false:
urine is produced and mixes with amniotic fluid.
placenta function for excretion of waste product.

112
Q

fetal kidney dysfunction can be observed in a pregnant women as ___

A

oligohydroamnions
–> urine is not produced, so amniotic fluid is is small amount

113
Q

bilateral renal agenesis

A

oligohydroamnions
—> pulmonary hypoplasia
potter sequence
*genital anomalies, esophageal atresia, anal atresia

114
Q

cloaca

A

initial common endodermal chamber for urinary system and gut

115
Q

cloaca is divided into urogenital sinus and anorectal canal by ___

A

urorectal septum

116
Q

urogenital sinus forms the ___

A

epithelium of urinary bladder
urethra in females
pelvis and prostatic urethra

117
Q

urinary bladder is ___ origin

A

endodermal (due to cloaca)

118
Q

formation of male urethra

A
  1. surface ectoderm on glans penis invaginates toward spongy urethra forming a ectodermal cord
  2. ectodermal cord obtains a lumen to form external urethral orifice
  3. fuses with spongy urethra and dilates to form the navicular fossa
119
Q

which structure connect urogenital sinus to umbilicus

A

allantois

120
Q

fate of allantois

A

obliterates to form a fibrous remnant called urachus
forms the median umbilical ligament

121
Q

urachus anomalies

A

fistula: patent allantois
sinus: blind bit at either end
cyst: enclosed swelling

122
Q

what is the embryologic origin of trigone of bladder

A

incorporated portions of mesonephric duct (mesodermal origin)
initial mesodermal lining is replaced by endodermal epithelium

123
Q

initially ureters drain into bladder via ___
later, ___

A

mesonehric duct
ureters obtain seperate opening which move cranially

124
Q

ascent of kidney

A

initially they are in pelvic region and supplied by comon iliac
later ascend to lumbar region and lower vessels degenerate

125
Q

rotation of kidney

A

hilum face anteriorly
each rotate 90 degrees medially

126
Q

ectopic kidney

A

failure in migration

127
Q

kidney rotation anomalies

A

failure to rotate
lateral rotation
excessive rotation

128
Q

horseshoe kidney

A

fusion of lower poles of kidney
during ascend, they are hooked under inferior mesenteric artery

129
Q

each lobe of kidney is reflected as ___

A

convexity on outer surface of kidney
gradually disappear

130
Q

polycystic kidney disease
autosomal recessive:
autosomal dominant:
they are linked to ___

A

autosomal recessive: more severe , cyst from collecting duct
autosomal dominant: less severe , cyst on all segment
linked to ciliopathy

erus-histology (6 decks)

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