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urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

removing waste products from the blood, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, and secreting substances that affect blood pressure and other important body functions

A

function of the kidney

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2
Q

how many liters of urine do the kidneys produce per day

A

1-2

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3
Q

4 1/2 inches long, 2-3 inches wide, and 1.25 inches thick with a medial concave border and a lateral convex border

A

kidney

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4
Q

superior aspect of the kidney lies more _____ than the inferior in an ______ plane angled anteriorly towards the aorta about _____ *

A

posterior, oblique, 35

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5
Q

kidneys extend from about _____

A

T12 - L3

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6
Q

related to the kidneys

A

renal

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7
Q

related to the kidneys (2)

A

nephro

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8
Q

related to the kidneys (3)

A

pyelo

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9
Q

related to the ureters

A

uretero

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10
Q

sac-like structure

A

cysto

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11
Q

related to the urethra

A

urethro

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12
Q

related to the urinary system

A

uro

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13
Q

enters the kidneys in the normal direction of blood flow

A

antegrade

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14
Q

contrast media introduced against normal flow

A

retrograde

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15
Q

what does IVU stand for

A

intravenous urogram

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16
Q

evaluation of known or suspected ureteral obstruction, recurrent urolithiasis, assessment of suspected congenital abnormalities, upper urinary tract lesions, effects of trauma, abnormalities that increase infection risks

A

indications for IVU

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17
Q

contraindications for IVU

A

ability of kidneys to filter contrast medium from the blood, patient’s allergy history

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18
Q

patient prep for IVU

A

lots of water, low residue diet 1-2 days, light evening meal, sometimes laxative, NPO past midnight

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19
Q

supplies for IVU procedure

A

contrast (typically 300), syringe, intravenous catheter kit, saline

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20
Q

begin IVU by taking ____

A

scout, KUB

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21
Q

perform _____ and set IV catheter, inject contrast ______ may be requested, perform ____ image, then image in succession every _____, give patient post exam instructions

A

venipuncture, bolus/drip, initial, 3-5 minutes

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22
Q

IVU during pregnancy

A

common exam due to obstruction of the ureters caused by fetus, exam modified to lower dose

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23
Q

what is the purpose in ureteral compression during IVU

A

slow the flow of opacified urine into the bladder to ensure filling of renal pelvises and calyces

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24
Q

where is the compression centered during IVU

A

ASIS

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25
what is a post void bladder used to check for
small tumor masses or enlarged prostate in male patients
26
RPO shows
left kidney and right ureter
27
LPO shows
right kidney and left ureter
28
what are the projections for a nephrotomogram
AP during arterial phase and AP tomograms during the nephrotic phase
29
about how long does the nephrotic phase occur after completion of contrast injection
within 5 minutes
30
what steps to take to locate kidney depth
measure patient with calipers in cm then divide by 3 and add 5
31
centering for tomogram
MSP, curve of 10th rib
32
for tomogram images should occur where
one at fulcrum, then 1 inch above and below
33
patient prep for retrograde urogram
sterile procedure, pt placed in modified lithotomy position
34
what 3 projections are usually obtained during retrograde urogram
preliminary image, pyelogram, ureterogram
35
contrast injected under cine to watch flow, about how much fills up the renal pelvis
3-5 mL
36
some urologists recommend the table be tilted ___* _____ to prevent contrast from escaping the ureters
10-15, towards the head
37
for a pregnant female which exams can be performed
fetography, pelvimetry, placentography
38
for a female cystourethrography the AP projection has ____* angle
5* caudal
39
for a non pregnant female, what are the procedures
HSG and vaginography
40
why is HSG performed
determine size, shape, and position of uterus and uterine tubes, delineate lesions such as polyps, submucous tumor masses, investigate patency of the uterine tubes in patients
41
within how many days should a HSG be schedules following onset of menstruation
10
42
before the HSG procedure, the patient should
empty the bladder, irrigate the vagina and clean perineal region
43
if the tubes are patent during an HSG, what should happen
contrast would spill into the peritoneal cavity
44
IMAGES during an HSG should demonstrate
pelvic region 2 inches above pubic symphysis, all contrast media, soft tissue
45
what is a vaginography used for
investigate congenital malformations and fistulae
46
what projections can be used for vaginography
AP, AP oblique, and lateral
47
when should a fectography be performed
until after week 18 of gestation
48
what does pelvimetry and fetal cephalometry demonstrate
the architecture of the pelvis compared with the size of the fetal head
49
what does a placentography show
the walls of the uterus to locate the placenta in cases of placenta previa
50
the male radiography of the seminal ducts is performed to examine what
genitourinary abnormalities: cysts, abscesses, tumors, inflammation, sterility
51
what is the most common modality used to examine the male reproductive organs
ultrasound
52
what is the term applied to investigate the prostate by radiographic, cystographic, or vesiculographic procedures
prostatography
53
_____ is preferred imaging modality for investigation of the prostate
sonography
54
renal capsule =
outer covering
55
renal cortex =
outer layer of renal tissue
56
renal medulla =
inner layer of renal tissue
57
renal columns =
extensions of cortex between renal pyramids
58
nephron =
essential microscope component of kidney
59
calyces =
cup-shaped stems that enclose one or more papilla
60
longitudinal slit in medial border for transmission of blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and ureter
hilum
61
each kidney contains approx. _______ nephrons
1 million
62
is a filter for blood, allowing fine particles and water to pass into the capsule
glomerulus
63
the ureters are ______ long
10-12 inches long
64
the junction of the ureters and the bladder is called the _________
ureterovesical junction (UVJ)
65
a musculomembranous sac that serves as a resevoir for urine
bladder
66
the bladder can hold approx. _______ of fluid when completely full
500 mL
67
triangular area of the bladder base between 3 openings
trigone
68
small glandular body surrounding the proximal part of the male urethra
prostate
69
enlargement of prostate
benign prostatic hyperplasia
70
abnormal concentration of mineral salts, often called a stone
calculus
71
malignant new growth composed of epithelial cells
carcinoma
72
abnormality present at birth
congenital anomaly
73
2 renal pelves or ureters from the same kidney
duplicate collecting system
74
fusion of the kidneys, usually at the lower poles
horseshoe kidney
75
kidney that fails to ascend and remains in the pelvis
pelvic kidney
76
cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
77
abnormal connection btwn 2 internal organs or btwn an organ and the body surface
fistula
78
inflammation of the capillary loops in the glomeruli of the kidney
glomerulonephritis
79
distention of renal pelvis and calyces with urine
hydronephrosis
80
excessive inferior displacement of the kidneys or kidney prolapse
nephroptosis
81
pelvic vein calcifications
phleboliths
82
inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis
pyelonephritis
83
massive enlargement of the kidney with the formation of many cysts
polycystic kidney
84
increase BP to the kidney
renal hypertension
85
condition preventing normal blood flow of the urine through the urinary system
renal obstruction
86
narrowing or contraction of a passage
stenosis
87
new tissue growth where cell proliferation is uncontrolled
tumor
88
most common pediatric abdominal neoplasm affecting the kidney
wilms
89
ballooning of the lower end of the ureter into the bladder
ureterocele
90
backward flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters
vesicoureteral reflux

procedures (8 decks)

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