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The Abdomen > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Zones affected by BPH

A

Transitional zone

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2
Q

Arterial supply of the ovaries

A

Ovarian artery (branch of aorta)

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3
Q

Describe the 3 fascial layers of the spermatic cord and their origins

A
  1. External spermatic fascia from the external oblique aponeurosis
  2. Cremasteric fascia and cremaster from internal oblique aponeurosis
  3. Internal spermatic fascia from the transversalis fascia
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4
Q

What features must substances have to be used to measure GFR

A
  1. Inert
  2. Free filtration from the plasma at the glomerulus
  3. Not absorbed or secreted in at the tubules
  4. Plasma concentration constant during urine collection
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5
Q

3 divisions of the male urethra

A
  1. Prostatic
  2. Membranous
  3. Penile (Bulbous)
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6
Q

Testicular lymphatic drainage

A

Para-aortic nodes

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7
Q

Lateral relations of the uterus

A
  • Broad ligament

- Ureter lies superolateral to the supravaginal cervix

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8
Q

Arterial supply of the testes

A

Testicular artery (branch of the aorta)

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9
Q

Describe the course of the ovarian ligament

A

Runs within the broad ligament to the cornu of the uterus

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10
Q

Describe the course of the left renal vein

A
  • Longer
  • Passes in front of the aorta at the level of the SMA (L1)
  • Receives the adrenal vein and gonadal vein
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11
Q

Describe the structure of the uterine wall

A
  1. Perimetrium - outer serous coat
  2. Myometrium - middle coat of smooth muscle - vascular layer
  3. Endometrium - inner mucous coat - active in the menstrual cycle
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12
Q

Where is the timing of micturition controlled

A

Pontine micturition centre

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13
Q

What is the forward continuation of the bulb of the penis and what does it contain

A

Corpus spongiosum surrounds the penile urethra

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14
Q

Scrotal exploration - layers of incision

A
  1. Skin
  2. Dartos muscle (superficial fascia)
  3. External spermatic fascia
  4. Cremaster muscle
  5. Internal spermatic fascia
  6. Parietal layer of tunica vaginalis
    (7. Visceral layer of tunica vaginalis)
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15
Q

What converts 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

A

1-alpha-hydroxylase

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16
Q

Capillary pressure within the afferent capillaries

A

50mmHg

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17
Q

Layout of the hilum of the kidney

A

From anterior to posterior:

  1. Renal vein
  2. Renal artery
  3. Pelvis of the ureter
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18
Q

Venous drainage of kidney

A

Renal vein into IVC

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19
Q

Where is calcium and phosphate reabsorbed and how is this regulated

A
  • Both actively reabsorbed in PCT and ascending loop of Henle
  • Any remaining is reabsorbed in DCT/collecting duct
  • Absorption in the DCT/collecting duct is regulated by PTH
  • PTH stimulates calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion
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20
Q

Venous drainage of testes

A

Pampiniform venous plexus forms right and left testicular veins

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21
Q

Level of the kidneys

A

T12-L3

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22
Q

What occurs in the descending loop of Henle

A
  • Water is removed
  • NaCl is added from medulla
  • More concentrated from addition of NaCl and reduction in volume from removal of H2O (1200mosmol/L)
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23
Q

Describe the division and distribution of the renal artery

A
  • Anterior (75% of flow)

- Posterior (25% of flow)

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24
Q

Actions of angiotensin 2

A

Stimulates:

  • Arterial vasoconstriction
  • Release of ADH
  • Drinking
  • Release of aldosterone
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25
Q

Superior relations of left kidney

A
  • Spleen

- Adrenal gland

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26
Q

Describe the posterior relations of the right kidney

A
  • Diaphragm
  • 12th rib
  • Psoas major, quadratus lumborum, transversus abdominis
  • Subcostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal nerves
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27
Q

Where is the prostate plexus of veins and nerves situated

A

True (fibrous) capsule

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28
Q

Describe the lobes of the prostate

A
  1. Posterior lobe - posterior to urethra and inferior to plane defined by ejaculatory ducts
  2. Median lobe - lies between ejaculatory ducts and is posterior to urethra
  3. Right and left lobes - separated by a shallow posterior median groove
  4. Isthmus - narrow, anterior to urethra
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29
Q

Describe ductus deferens

A
  • Thick wall and small lumen
  • Begins at tail of epididymis
  • Ascends posterior to testes
  • Penetrates anterior abdominal wall via inguinal canal
  • Crosses over external iliac vessels to enter pelvis
  • Ends by joining duct of the seminal gland to form ejaculatory duct
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30
Q

At what BP does autoregulation fail

A
  • <80

- >180

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31
Q

Name of opening of fallopian tube

A

Ostium

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32
Q

Describe the suspensory ligament

A
  • Prominent fold of peritoneum
  • Attached to superior poles of the ovaries
  • Passes up over the pelvic brim and external iliac vessels to blend with the peritoneum over psoas major
  • Contains ovarian vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
  • Becomes continuous with mesovarium
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33
Q

Anterior relations of the uterus

A
  • Uterovesical pouch of peritoneum
  • Lies on superior surface of bladder
  • Supravaginal cervix directly related to bladder
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34
Q

Ureter narrowings

A
  1. Pelviureteric junction
  2. Cross the pelvic brim
  3. Passage through wall of the urinary bladder
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35
Q

Course of spermatic cord

A
  1. Begins at the deep inguinal ring lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels
  2. Passes through inguinal canal
  3. Exits at superficial ring
  4. Ends in the scrotum
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36
Q

Location of female urethral orifice

A

Vestibule of vagina directly anterior to the vaginal orifice

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37
Q

What stimulates renin release

A
  1. Decrease in afferent arteriole pressure
  2. Reduction in Na+ (detected by macula densa)
  3. Renal sympathetic nerve stimulation
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38
Q

What do the juxtaglomerular cells secrete

A

Renin

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39
Q

Describe dartos fascia

A
  • Fat-free fascial layer
  • Includes smooth muscle fibres (dartos muscle)
  • Continuous anteriorly with Scarpa’s fascia
  • Continuous posteriorly with Colle’s fascia
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40
Q

What forms the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A
  1. Juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole

2. Macula densa cells in the DCT

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41
Q

What encapsulates the testes

A

Visceral layer of tunica vaginalis (closed peritoneal sac)

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42
Q

Where is the penis anchored to the body

A

Right and left crura are attached to the inferior pubic rami and the perineal membrane

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43
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the male urethra

A
  • Prostatic and membranous = obturator and internal iliac nodes
  • Penile = deep and superficial inguinal nodes
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44
Q

Venous drainage of the ovaries

A
  • Right ovarian vein drains into IVC

- Left ovarian vein drains into left renal vein

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45
Q

Where is potassium reabsorbed and how is this regulated

A
  • Active reabsorption in PCT and ascending loop of Henle

- Aldosterone stimulates secretion of K+ into the DCT

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46
Q

Describe the cardinal ligament

A
  • Located at base of broad ligament
  • Extends from cervix to lateral pelvic walls
  • Contains uterine artery and vein
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47
Q

Embryological origins of the adrenal gland

A
  • Medulla = neural crest (ectoderm)

- Cortex = mesoderm

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48
Q

Anatomical relations of the vagina

A
  • Anterior = fundus of bladder and urethra
  • Lateral = levator ani, visceral pelvic fascia, ureters
  • Posterior = anal canal, rectum, recto-uterine pouch
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49
Q

Lymphatic drainage of prostate

A

Internal iliac nodes

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50
Q

Describe the structure of the fallopian tubes

A
  • Covered by peritoneum (apart from intramural part)
  • Outer longitudunal muscle coat
  • Inner circular muscle layer
  • Columnar ciliated lining
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51
Q

List the parts of the fallopian tubes

A
  1. Infundibulum
  2. Ampulla
  3. Isthmus
  4. Uterine
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52
Q

Function of Onuf’s nucleus

A

The neurons of Onuf’s nucleus are responsible for controlling external sphincter muscles of the anus and urethra in humans

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53
Q

Zones affected by carcinoma

A

Peripheral zone

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54
Q

Describe atonic bladder

A
  • Occurs in initial phase of spinal shock and can last weeks
  • Bladder wall muscle relaxed
  • Sphincter vesicae is contracted
  • Urethral sphincter relaxed
  • Bladder becomes distended and eventually empties as overflow
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55
Q

Embryological origin of the urethra

A

Cloaca

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56
Q

Describe how the ureters enter the bladder

A
  • Pass obliquely through the muscular wall

- Ureteric orifice is in the trigone

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57
Q

What is Gerotas fascia

A

Eponymous name for renal fascia

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58
Q

Describe the round ligament

A
  • Remnant of the Gebernaculum
  • Extends from uterine horns to the labia majora via the inguinal canal
  • Maintains anteverted position of uterus
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59
Q

Innervation of the penis

A

Pudendal nerve

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60
Q

Blood supply to the prostate

A

Prostatic arteries - derived from internal iliac (especially inferior vesical)

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61
Q

What stimulates EPO production

A
  • Haemorrhage
  • Respiratory disease
  • High altitude
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Increased levels of RBC degradation products
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62
Q

Describe the anterior relations of the left kidney

A
  • Suprarenal glands
  • Spleen
  • Stomach
  • Pancreas
  • Left colic flexure
  • Jejunum
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63
Q

Describe the course of the membranous urethra

A
  • Passes through the pelvic floor and deep perineal pouch
  • Surrounded by external urethral sphincter
  • Narrowest and least dilatable portion of urethra
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64
Q

What covers the outer surface of each penile crus

A

Ischiocavernosus muscle

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65
Q

Injury at what spinal level would a patient lose awareness of bladder distension

A

L1-2

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66
Q

What surrounds the three cylinders of erectile tissue

A

Buck’s fascia

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67
Q

What is the isthmus of the uterus

A

Internal OS

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68
Q

What is the role of renin

A

Stimulates the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

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69
Q

Describe the renal fascia

A
  • Encloses the kidney, suprarenal glands, and perirenal fat
  • Extends along the ureter as periureteric fascia
  • Superiorly is continuous with the fascia of the diaphragm
  • Medially blends with fascia of aorta and IVC
  • Laterally continuous with the transversalis fascia
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70
Q

Anatomical relations of the bladder

A
  • Anterior = pubic symphysis
  • Posterior: Males = rectum and seminal vesicles. Females = vagina and supravaginal cervix
  • Superior = peritoneum, coils of small bowel, sigmoid, body of uterus
  • Lateral = loose connective tissue
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71
Q

Innervation of the external urethral sphincter

A

Pudendal nerve

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72
Q

Pressure within Bowman’s capsule

A

10mmHg

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73
Q

Where does fertilisation typically occur

A

Ampulla of the tube

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74
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the kidney

A

Directly into the para-aortic nodes

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75
Q

Describe the sympathetic innervation of the bladder

A
  • Runs in the hypogastric plexus
  • L1-2
  • Inhibits micturition
76
Q

Outline the venous drainage of the bladder

A
  • Males = Vesicoprostatic plexus
  • Females = vesicouterine plexus

*Both plexuses drain into the internal iliac vein

77
Q

Posterior relations of the uterus

A
  • Rectouterine pouch of Douglas
78
Q

Where is the internal spermatic fascia derived

A

Transversalis fascia

79
Q

Arterial supply of the female urethra

A

Internal pudendal and vaginal arteries

80
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the scrotum

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

81
Q

Level of hilum of left kidney

A

L1 (Transpyloric plane)

82
Q

Best substance for GFR calculation

A

Inulin

83
Q

Fundus of bladder

A

Opposite apex. Formed by convex posterior wall.

84
Q

Describe the course of the penile (bulbous) urethra

A
  • Passes through the bulb and corpus spongiosum of the penis
  • Ends at the external urethral orifice (meatus)
  • Receives the bulbourethral glands proximally
85
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the ovaries

A

Para-aortic nodes

86
Q

What inhibits FSH production in males

A

Inhibin

87
Q

What guides the testes on their descent from posterior abdominal wall to scrotum

A

Gubernaculum

88
Q

Describe the course of the prostatic urethra

A
  • Begins as continuation of the bladder neck
  • Passes through prostate gland
  • Receives the ejaculatory ducts
  • Widest part
89
Q

Line of Brodel

A

Avascular line which delineates the segments supplied by the anterior and posterior branches of the renal artery

90
Q

Describe the anterior relations of the right kidney

A
  • Suprarenal gland
  • Liver
  • Duodenum
  • Right colic flexure
91
Q

Describe the parasympathetic innervation of the bladder

A
  • Run in the sacral outflow (S2/3) and innervate detrusor and internal sphincter
  • Fibres in the pudendal nerve control the external sphincter
92
Q

What separates bladder from pubic symphysis

A

Retropubic space of Retzius

93
Q

Where is aldosterone released from

A

Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex

94
Q

Length and diameter of female ureter

A
  • 4cm long

- 6mm wide

95
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the bladder

A

External iliac nodes to para-aortic nodes

96
Q

What connects the ovaries to the posterior aspect of the broad ligament

A

Mesovarium

97
Q

Actions of atrial natriuretic peptide

A
  • Increased GFR
  • Inhibits reabsorption of Na+

Leads to the increased excretion of both sodium and water

98
Q

Action of aldosterone

A

Causes retention of Na+ in the DCT in exchange for K+/H+

99
Q

What is the navicular fossa

A

Dilation of the bulbous urethra in the glans of the penis

100
Q

Course of ureter in the pelvis

A
  1. Enters pelvis after crossing iliac bifurcation
  2. Runs down ischial spine
  3. Crosses obturator nerve and anterior branches of internal iliac
  4. Turns medial to reach bladder

5 (Male). Passes under vas deferens

5 (Female). Crosses close to lateral fornix of vagina and below uterine artery

101
Q

Where is the cremasteric fascia derived

A

Internal oblique

102
Q

How is glucose reabsorbed

A

With Na+ bound to a protein carrier in the PCT

103
Q

Where is ADH produced and then released from

A
  • Produced in supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

- Released from posterior pituitary

104
Q

Anatomical relations of the adrenal glands

A
  • Posterior = diaphragm
  • Inferior = upper pole of kidney
  • Anterior (right side) = liver, IVC
  • Anterior (left side) = stomach across the lesser sac
105
Q

Arterial supply of the scrotum

A
  • Posterior scrotal branches of perineal artery
  • Anterior scrotal branches of deep external pudendal artery
  • Cremasteric artery
106
Q

What is the tributary of the testicular veins

A

Pampiniform plexus

107
Q

What surrounds the two corpus cavernosa

A

Tunica albugenia

108
Q

Arterial supply of seminal glands

A
  • Inferior vesical

- Middle rectal

109
Q

Dimensions of the uterus

A

7cm x 5cm x 3cm

110
Q

Length and diameter of ureters

A
  • 25-30cm

- 3mm

111
Q

Outline the arterial supply of the male urethra

A
  • Prostatic urethra = inferior vesical artery
  • Membranous urethra = bulbourethral artery (branch of internal pudendal)
  • Penile urethra = directly by branches of the internal pudendal
112
Q

Where is Onuf’s nucleus

A

Located in the ventral part of the anterior horn of the sacral region (S1-3)

113
Q

Kidney filtration rate

A

120ml/minute

114
Q

Ureter abdominal relations

A
  • Anterior = peritoneum, colic vessels, gonadal vessels, ileum, mesentery (right side), sigmoid (left side)
  • Posterior = psoas major, psoas minor tendon, genitofemoral nerve, iliac bifurcation
115
Q

Location of the bulbo-urethral (Cowper) glands

A

Posterolateral to the intermediate part of the urethra, largely embedded in the external urethral sphincter

116
Q

What occurs in the DCT

A
  • Water is reabsorbed due to low osmolality

- Na+ reabsorption under the control of Aldosterone

117
Q

Lymphatic drainage of vagina

A
  • Upper and middle 1/3rd = external iliac

- Lower 1/3rd = superficial inguinal

118
Q

Apex of the bladder

A

Points towards the pubic symphysis when bladder empty

119
Q

Describe the internal urethral sphincter

A
  • Males ONLY

- Prevents retrograde ejaculation

120
Q

Describe the posterior relations of the left kidney

A
  • Diaphragm
  • 11th and 12th ribs
  • Psoas major, quadratus lumborum, transversus abdominis
  • Subcostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal nerves
121
Q

Number of minor calyces

A

12

122
Q

Length of ductus deferens

A

45cm

123
Q

What occurs in the PCT

A
  • Reabsorption of 70% of NaCl (Na+ via ATP-dependent pump)
  • Reabsorbs all amino acids and glucose
  • Volume of ultrafiltrate decreases
  • Osmolality is unchanged
  • Vulnerable to ischaemic change
124
Q

Osmolality of ultrafiltrate

A

300mosmol/L

125
Q

Where is the external spermatic fascia derived

A

External oblique

126
Q

What stimulates the release of atrial natriuretic peptide

A

Release from the heart in response to increased atrial stretch as a result of raised ECF

127
Q

What stimulates ADH release

A
  • Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect increases in the osmolality of the ECF
  • Reduced circulating volume
  • Reduced arterial pressure
  • Angiotensin 2
128
Q

Structure of epithelium in Bowman’s capsule

A
  • Podocytes
  • Do not form continuous layer
  • Contain foot processes
129
Q

Tributaries of the ejaculatory ducts

A
  • Duct of seminal glands

- Ductus deferens

130
Q

Describe the shape and position of the right adrenal gland

A
  • Pyramidal

- Embraces upper pole of kidney

131
Q

Describe the uterosacral ligament

A

Extends from cervix to sacrum

132
Q

Location and size of the seminal glands

A
  • 5cm long
  • Lie between fundus of bladder and rectum
  • Superior to prostate
133
Q

Describe the shape and position of the left adrenal gland

A
  • Crescentic

- Embraces medial border of the kidney above the hilum

134
Q

Superior relations of right kidney

A
  • Liver

- Adrenal gland

135
Q

How is autoregulation achieved

A
  1. Myogenic - increase in pressure due to increase in flow causes distension of vessels, which causes smooth muscle contraction to reduce flow
  2. Metabolic
136
Q

Arterial supply to ductus deferens

A

Artery to ductus deferens - arises from superior vesical artery
- Anastomoses with testicular artery

137
Q

Function of FSH in males

A

Acts on sertoli cells of the testes and is important for spermatogenesis

138
Q

Outline the capsules of the prostate gland

A
  1. True capsule = thin, fibrous sheath surrounding the prostat
  2. False capsule = condensed extraperitoneal fascia continuous with the fascia surrounding the bladder and Denonvilliers fascia posteriorly
  3. Pathological capsule = BPH compresses the normal peripheral part of the gland, creating a capsule
139
Q

Urethral epithelium

A

Stratified columnar

140
Q

List the coverings of the kidney from in to out

A
  1. Renal capsule
  2. Perirenal fat (perinephric fat)
  3. Renal fascia
  4. Pararenal fat
141
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the bladder

A
  • Superior vesical arteries = anterosuperior parts of bladder
  • Inferior vesical arteries (A.K.A. vaginal arteries in females) = fundus and neck
142
Q

Volume of semen provided by the prostate

A

20%

143
Q

Describe the vascular course within the kidney

A
  1. Renal arteries enter hilum
  2. Branches to form interlobar arteries which ascend between pyramids
  3. Branch to form arcuate arteries
  4. Branch to form interlobular arteries
  5. Afferent arteries arise from interlobular arteries
  6. Give rise to glomerular capillaries
144
Q

Normal resting bladder pressure

A

3cmH2O

145
Q

What is the fate of angiotensin 1

A

Converted to angiotensin 2 by ACE in the lungs

146
Q

Innervation of the scrotum

A
  • Anterolateral = genital branch of genitofemoral
  • Anterior = anterior scrotal (branch of ilioinguinal)
  • Posterior = perineal branch of pudendal
  • Postero-inferior = perineal branches of posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
147
Q

Embryological origin of the ureter

A

Mesonephric duct

148
Q

Length of male urethra

A

15-20cm

149
Q

Describe the internal structure of the kidney

A
  • Medulla

- Cortex (which extends into the medulla to divide it into triangular renal pyramids)

150
Q

What substance is used to measure renal plasma flow and why

A
  • Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH)

- Completely removed from the plasma in a single pass through the kidney

151
Q

Parts of the cervix

A
  1. Supravaginal - between isthmus and vagina

2. Vaginal

152
Q

Ligaments of the neck of the bladder

A
  • Men = puboprostatic ligament

- Women = pubovesical ligament

153
Q

How much is total renal blood flow

A
  • 1.25L/minute

- 25% of cardiac output

154
Q

Describe automatic reflex bladder

A
  • Seen after spinal shock in injuries above S2-4

- Bladder empties reflexly every 3-4 hours

155
Q

What is the narrowest part of the male urethra

A

Membranous urethra

156
Q

What occurs in the ascending loop of Henle

A
  • IMPERMEABLE TO WATER
  • Responsible for active NaCl reabsorption
  • Osmolality of fluid leaving ascending limb 100mosmol/L
157
Q

Venous drainage of the penis

A

Dorsal vein of the penis runs in groove between the corporal bodies and drains into the prostatic venous plexus

158
Q

Outline the lymphatic drainage of the uterus

A
  • Fundus = para-aortic, inguinal
  • Body = iliac
  • Cervix = external iliac, sacral, internal iliac
159
Q

Outline the structure of the uterus

A
  1. Fundus
  2. Body
  3. Cervix
160
Q

Blood supply of uterus

A

Uterine artery - branch of internal iliac

161
Q

Outline the venous drainage of the adrenal glands

A
  • Right = short vein direct to IVC

- Left = long vein which contributes to left renal vein

162
Q

3 divisions of the ureters

A
  1. Abdominal
  2. Pelvic
  3. Intravesical
163
Q

Origin of cremasteric artery

A

Inferior epigastric artery

164
Q

Describe the Mesosalpinx

A

Broad ligament of the peritoneum that drapes over the fallopian tubes

165
Q

3 common bladder abnormalities following spinal cord injury

A
  1. Atonic bladder
  2. Automatic reflex bladder
  3. Autonomous bladder
166
Q

Outline the two possible courses of efferent arterioles in the kidney

A
  1. Supply of capillaries to the renal tubules (peri-tubular)
  2. Vasa recta that supply blood to the medulla
167
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the penis

A
  • Glans and distal spongy urethra = Deep inguinal (bilateral)
  • Skin of penis = superficial inguinal
168
Q

Length of the vagina

A

7cm

169
Q

List the contents of the spermatic cord

A
  • Testicular artery (from aorta)
  • Cremasteric artery (from inferior epigastric)
  • Artery of Vas deferens (from inferior vesical)
  • Genital branch of the genitofemoral cremaster
  • Sympathetic fibres (run on arteries)
  • Parasympathetic fibres (run on ductus deferens)
    (- Ilioinguinal nerve - runs on cord and not in it)
  • Ductus deferens
  • Pampiniform plexus
  • Lymphatic
170
Q

Innervation of the prostate

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic, sensory from inferior hypogastric plexus

171
Q

Structure of the testes

A
  • Outer Tunica albuginea
  • Inward-reaching septum between lobules of minute
  • Highly coiled semineferous tubules (joined to rete testes by straight tubules)
172
Q

Origin of the tunica vaginalis

A

Closed sac of peritoneum

173
Q

Arterial supply of the penis

A

Common penile artery - terminal branch of the internal pudendal artery

174
Q

Outline the parts of the epididymis

A
  1. Head
  2. Body
  3. Tail - continuous with vas deferens
175
Q

Name given to the apex of the renal pyramids and what do they represent

A

Renal papilla - where urine is screted into the renal calyces of the renal pelvis

176
Q

Ureter epithelium

A

Transitional

177
Q

Function of LH in males

A

Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone

178
Q

Position of the ureters

A

Overly the transverse processes of L2-L5

179
Q

What stimulates the release of aldosterone

A
  • Angiotensin 2
  • Raised potassium
  • Raised ACTH
180
Q

Describe the clinical divisions (zones) of the prostate

A
  1. Central zone - surrounds ejaculatory ducts (25% vol)
  2. Transitional zone - central, surrounds urethra (5-10% vol)
  3. Peripheral zone - main body of gland (65% vol)
181
Q

Length of fallopian tubes

A

10-12cm

182
Q

What forces govern glomerular filtration

A
  1. Hydrostatic

2. Osmotic (plasma proteins which arent filtered oppose hydrostatic pressure)

183
Q

Length of cervix

A

2.5cm

184
Q

Rate of urine production

A

1ml/kg/hr

185
Q

Outline the blood supply of the ureters

A

Segmental:

  • Renal
  • Testicular and ovarian
  • Internal iliac
  • Inferior vesical

The Abdomen (8 decks)

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