Urinary Stomach Abdominal Cavity Flashcards
Inflammation of the glomerulus. Typically from strep throat that can result in proteinuria and hematuria.
Acute glomerulonephritis
Affects the kidneys bilaterally where the cysts develop as a result from obstructed tubules. This impairs renal function and renal failure by the age of 30 and 40.
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)
Region of abdominal cavity
Region between the diaphragm and the sacrum promontory
Abdominal cavity contents:
Liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, adrenal glands, kidneys, bladder, urethra, ureters, stomach, intestine, vascular structures
The abdominal cavity is covered by the____________
Peritoneum
What’s the peritoneum
The serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.
The peritoneum contains 2 layers. What are they and how are they separated?
Parietal : lines the abdominal wall
Visceral : covers the organ
They’re separated by serous fluid for lubrication. This allows organs to move against each other without friction
Difference in male and female peritoneal cavity
Male peritoneal cavity is closed while the female is open to the exterior through uterus and vagina
What is the peritoneal cavity
The potential space between the parietal and visceral layer. No organs lie within the space. Contains a thin film of fluid (serous fluid) for lumbrication between the 2 layers.
The peritoneum has _____ between the organs to help hold them in place. What are they?
Folds.
Mesentery, Omentum and peritoneal ligaments
What is the mesentery folds?
Folds within the peritoneum that connects parts of the intestine with the abdominal wall
What is the Omentum folds?
Folds within the peritoneum that is associated with the stomach and its attachments. There’s a lesser and greater Omentum
What is the retro-peritoneum area?
Area located posterior to the peritoneum
The retro-peritoneum contains what organs?
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Adrenal glands, aorta, bladder, duodenum, inferior vena cava, kidneys, pancreas, prostate, ureter, uterus.
Which peritoneum layer is the inner most?
Visceral layer
Which peritoneum layer is the outer most layer?
Parietal
Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Ascites
Largest organ of the abdomen
Liver
The liver is divided into 4 lobes
Right
Left
Quadrate
Caudate
Largest lobe of the liver
Right lobe
Smallest lobe of the liver
Caudate lobe
What is the porta hepatis
The hilum of the liver. Found on the inferior border of the liver. It is the location of vessels to enter and exit.
What’s is the portal vein
Major vessel of the portal hepatic system. It conducts deoxygenated blood from the digestive organs, spleen, pancreas and gallbladder to the liver
T/F
The liver is the site of frequent metastasis due to rich blood supply.
True
What is the most common sign of liver cancer
Enlargement of liver
A consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrosis, scar tissue and regenerated nodules, leading to loss/of liver function
Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis is commonly caused by?
Alcoholism, hep B and hep C and fatty liver disease
What is the function of the gallbladder
To store bile and drain it when needed.
Where is bile produced?
In the liver
What are the steps of bile drainage?
Drain via left and right hepatic ducts, to the common hepatic duct, then cystic duct, then common bile duct, then pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of vater which penetrates the duodenum.
What is jaundice
Term to describe yellowish skin and sclerae that is cause by hyperbilirubinemia (excess bilirubin in the blood) due to the liver not metabolizing the bilirubin.
Where can gall stones be found at
In the gallbladder sack and/or in ducts
When do gallstones form
Gallstones form when cholesterol and other things found in bile make stones
What’s the function of the pancreas
Secrete pancreatic juice and insulin. The pancreas itself extends from the duodenum to the spleen
Signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer
Early pancreatic develops without early symptoms. Symptoms include weight loss, pain in upper abdomen and jaundice. NO method of early detection. Survival rate is only roughy 23%. Avg. time from diagnosis to death is 9 months.
Largest lymph organ in the body
Spleen
Function of the spleen
To filter abnormal blood cells, store iron, and RBC, and initiate immune response.
T/F
Spleen is a common site for cancer.
False.
Spleen is not where most cancer starts. The cancers that do are lymphomas (Non-Hodgkin lymphomas)
What is Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
Cancer that starts in cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are in the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues such as spleen and bone marrow.
Function of the stomach
Acts as a reservoir and is responsible for the early stages of digestion
_____ are folds in the stomach that allow for expansion
Rugae
Superior portion of the stomach that joins with the esophagus
Esophagogatric junction (EG Junction)
What is the primary function of the small intestine.
Absorption of nutrients and minerals found in food
How many parts of small intestine.
Duodenum : begins at gastric pylorus
Jejunum : feathery appearance
ILeum : distal portion
_______ is the sphincter that controls the flow of material from ileum to the check of the large intestine.
Ileocecal valve.
_____ frames the small intestine.
Large intestine.
Where does the large intestine begin and end
Begins at the ileocecal junction and ends at the anus.
Major function of the large intestine.
Reabsoprtion of water and the storage and elimination of fecal material.
What’s the order of the large intestine.
Cecum, ascending colon, hepatic flexure (rt) transverse colon, splenic flexure (LT.) descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus
What’s the largest vein in the body/
IVC Inferior vena cava
What’s the major artery of the abdomen
Abdominal aorta
What’s the major veins of the abdomen
IVC
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric
Describe the abdominal aorta
Major artery of the abdomen. A retro-peritoneal structure that begins at the extension of thoracic aorta. Located to the left of the midline next to the vertebral bodies. Bifurcated into right and left common iliac arteries at L4
______ delivers blood to all the abdominopelvic organs.
Abdominal aorta.
What does the IVF carry
Carries blood to the heart from the lower limbs, pelvic organ, abdominal wall, and abdominal viscera.
Where is the IVC formed”
Formed by the Union of the common iliac veins at approximately L5.
How is a lymphangiogram conducted.
Injecting radiopaque dye into the lymph system through the feet. The fluid travels through the lymph system and remains visible by xray for between 6months to 2 years.
Superior mesenteric drains _____ and _____
Drains small and large bowel
Pancreaticosplenic drains _____, ______, and _______
Drains small bowel, ascending colon, transverse colon.
Common iliac Avery drains ______
Drains rectum
Sacral nodes drains _______
Drains posterior pelvis organs
Pararectal nodes drain ______
Drains rectum
Inguinal nodes drain ______
Drains vulva, distal vagina and distal rectum and anus
Which cancer is the third most common cancer in men and women and is the second leading case of cancer death in the US
Colorectal cancer.
Signs and symptoms of gastric cancer
Signs include anorexia, weight loss, abdominal pain, indigestion. 90-95% is Adenocarcinoma. Treatment of choice is partiall or total gastrectomy.
List of gastric cancers
Stromal tumor, lymphoma, and carcinoid tumors.
Signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer.
Thirds most common in men and women. Usually present with abdominal pain, change in stool, and bloody stool. Typically 90-95 Adenocarcinoma. Treatment of choice is surgical resection.
Urinary stones is more common in __________
Men 20-30 years old.
Urinary stones is more commonly found in the ______ and ______
Renal pelvis or urinary bladder
Urinary stones are usually less than _____
3mm in diameter.
UTI are most commonly caused by ________
Most are cause by bacteria traveling through the lower urethra.
Bacterial infection of the kidney is Calle
Pyelonephritis
Infection of the urinary bladder si _____
Cystitis
The adrenal cortex produces _______
More than 2 dozens steroids (Adenocortical steroids)
The adrenal medulla produces _____ and _____
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
What does epinephrine do
Hormone that increases blood flow to the muscles, output of the heart, pupil dilation, and blood sugar
What does norepinephrine do
Stimulate the fight or flight response
The right adrenal gland is just posterior the ______
IVC
T/F
Adrenal cancer is rare
True.
0.04% of all cancers.
______ kidney sits lower because of liver
Right kidney
The orientation of the kidney
The upper poles is more medial and posterior than the lower pole
The kidneys is embedded in _________ fat
Perirenal fat
The kidney is compose of an _____cortex and a _____ medulla
Outer cortex and inner medulla
Function of kidney
Removal of waste products and re-entry of filtered blood into the blood stream.
Renal medulla is also called?
Renal pyramid
T/F
Renal cell carcinoma is of the kidney
True
T/F
Transitional cell carcinoma is of the renal pelvis and ureters
True
Wilm tumor is also known as…
Nephroblastoma.
Most common kidney cancer in kids age 2-4. Very curable and dose is 20 Gy
Function of the urethra
Draining urine from the bladder.
In the male urethra, the prostatic urethra….
Passes through the middle of the prostate
In the male urethra, the membranous urethra…
Penetrates the external urethral sphincter
In the male urethra, the penile urethra….
Largest portion that extends to the tip of the penis
T/F
The female urethra is longer than the male urethra.
False.
The female urethra is shorter (only 3-4cm long). Male urethra is 18-20cm long.
Bladder cancer is the _____ common cancer
4th common cancer
T/F
Bladder cancer is 3 times more common in women than men
False.
It’s 3 times more common in men than women.
What’the number 1 cause of bladder cancer and the most common symptom
Number 1 cause is smoking. Most common symptom is hematuria (blood in urine) and the least common is UTI
Bladder cancer types
Transitional cell carcinoma (90% of bladder cancer)
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Small cell carcinoma
What’s the treatment of bladder cancer
Early: TURBT transurethral resection of bladder tumor
Invasive: cystectomy (removes bladder and associated organs
What’s the field boarder for whole bladder cancer treatment
Proximal urethra, prostate, prostatic urethra (males) and pelvic nodes
40-45 Gy
Boost up to 66Gy
Whats the normal number of treatment fields for bladder cancer
4 fields
AP, PA and laterals
