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CT Sectional Anatomy > Urinary Stomach Abdominal Cavity > Flashcards

Urinary Stomach Abdominal Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation of the glomerulus. Typically from strep throat that can result in proteinuria and hematuria.

A

Acute glomerulonephritis

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2
Q

Affects the kidneys bilaterally where the cysts develop as a result from obstructed tubules. This impairs renal function and renal failure by the age of 30 and 40.

A

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

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3
Q

Region of abdominal cavity

A

Region between the diaphragm and the sacrum promontory

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4
Q

Abdominal cavity contents:

A

Liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, adrenal glands, kidneys, bladder, urethra, ureters, stomach, intestine, vascular structures

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5
Q

The abdominal cavity is covered by the____________

A

Peritoneum

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6
Q

What’s the peritoneum

A

The serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.

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7
Q

The peritoneum contains 2 layers. What are they and how are they separated?

A

Parietal : lines the abdominal wall
Visceral : covers the organ

They’re separated by serous fluid for lubrication. This allows organs to move against each other without friction

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8
Q

Difference in male and female peritoneal cavity

A

Male peritoneal cavity is closed while the female is open to the exterior through uterus and vagina

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9
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity

A

The potential space between the parietal and visceral layer. No organs lie within the space. Contains a thin film of fluid (serous fluid) for lumbrication between the 2 layers.

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10
Q

The peritoneum has _____ between the organs to help hold them in place. What are they?

A

Folds.

Mesentery, Omentum and peritoneal ligaments

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11
Q

What is the mesentery folds?

A

Folds within the peritoneum that connects parts of the intestine with the abdominal wall

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12
Q

What is the Omentum folds?

A

Folds within the peritoneum that is associated with the stomach and its attachments. There’s a lesser and greater Omentum

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13
Q

What is the retro-peritoneum area?

A

Area located posterior to the peritoneum

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14
Q

The retro-peritoneum contains what organs?

A

AABDIKPPUU

Adrenal glands, aorta, bladder, duodenum, inferior vena cava, kidneys, pancreas, prostate, ureter, uterus.

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15
Q

Which peritoneum layer is the inner most?

A

Visceral layer

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16
Q

Which peritoneum layer is the outer most layer?

A

Parietal

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17
Q

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

A

Ascites

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18
Q

Largest organ of the abdomen

A

Liver

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19
Q

The liver is divided into 4 lobes

A

Right
Left
Quadrate
Caudate

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20
Q

Largest lobe of the liver

A

Right lobe

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21
Q

Smallest lobe of the liver

A

Caudate lobe

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22
Q

What is the porta hepatis

A

The hilum of the liver. Found on the inferior border of the liver. It is the location of vessels to enter and exit.

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23
Q

What’s is the portal vein

A

Major vessel of the portal hepatic system. It conducts deoxygenated blood from the digestive organs, spleen, pancreas and gallbladder to the liver

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24
Q

T/F

The liver is the site of frequent metastasis due to rich blood supply.

A

True

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25
Q

What is the most common sign of liver cancer

A

Enlargement of liver

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26
Q

A consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrosis, scar tissue and regenerated nodules, leading to loss/of liver function

A

Cirrhosis

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27
Q

Cirrhosis is commonly caused by?

A

Alcoholism, hep B and hep C and fatty liver disease

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28
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder

A

To store bile and drain it when needed.

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29
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

In the liver

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30
Q

What are the steps of bile drainage?

A

Drain via left and right hepatic ducts, to the common hepatic duct, then cystic duct, then common bile duct, then pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of vater which penetrates the duodenum.

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31
Q

What is jaundice

A

Term to describe yellowish skin and sclerae that is cause by hyperbilirubinemia (excess bilirubin in the blood) due to the liver not metabolizing the bilirubin.

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32
Q

Where can gall stones be found at

A

In the gallbladder sack and/or in ducts

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33
Q

When do gallstones form

A

Gallstones form when cholesterol and other things found in bile make stones

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34
Q

What’s the function of the pancreas

A

Secrete pancreatic juice and insulin. The pancreas itself extends from the duodenum to the spleen

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35
Q

Signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer

A

Early pancreatic develops without early symptoms. Symptoms include weight loss, pain in upper abdomen and jaundice. NO method of early detection. Survival rate is only roughy 23%. Avg. time from diagnosis to death is 9 months.

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36
Q

Largest lymph organ in the body

A

Spleen

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37
Q

Function of the spleen

A

To filter abnormal blood cells, store iron, and RBC, and initiate immune response.

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38
Q

T/F

Spleen is a common site for cancer.

A

False.

Spleen is not where most cancer starts. The cancers that do are lymphomas (Non-Hodgkin lymphomas)

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39
Q

What is Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)

A

Cancer that starts in cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are in the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues such as spleen and bone marrow.

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40
Q

Function of the stomach

A

Acts as a reservoir and is responsible for the early stages of digestion

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41
Q

_____ are folds in the stomach that allow for expansion

A

Rugae

42
Q

Superior portion of the stomach that joins with the esophagus

A

Esophagogatric junction (EG Junction)

43
Q

What is the primary function of the small intestine.

A

Absorption of nutrients and minerals found in food

44
Q

How many parts of small intestine.

A

Duodenum : begins at gastric pylorus
Jejunum : feathery appearance
ILeum : distal portion

45
Q

_______ is the sphincter that controls the flow of material from ileum to the check of the large intestine.

A

Ileocecal valve.

46
Q

_____ frames the small intestine.

A

Large intestine.

47
Q

Where does the large intestine begin and end

A

Begins at the ileocecal junction and ends at the anus.

48
Q

Major function of the large intestine.

A

Reabsoprtion of water and the storage and elimination of fecal material.

49
Q

What’s the order of the large intestine.

A

Cecum, ascending colon, hepatic flexure (rt) transverse colon, splenic flexure (LT.) descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus

50
Q

What’s the largest vein in the body/

A

IVC Inferior vena cava

51
Q

What’s the major artery of the abdomen

A

Abdominal aorta

52
Q

What’s the major veins of the abdomen

A

IVC
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric

53
Q

Describe the abdominal aorta

A

Major artery of the abdomen. A retro-peritoneal structure that begins at the extension of thoracic aorta. Located to the left of the midline next to the vertebral bodies. Bifurcated into right and left common iliac arteries at L4

54
Q

______ delivers blood to all the abdominopelvic organs.

A

Abdominal aorta.

55
Q

What does the IVF carry

A

Carries blood to the heart from the lower limbs, pelvic organ, abdominal wall, and abdominal viscera.

56
Q

Where is the IVC formed”

A

Formed by the Union of the common iliac veins at approximately L5.

57
Q

How is a lymphangiogram conducted.

A

Injecting radiopaque dye into the lymph system through the feet. The fluid travels through the lymph system and remains visible by xray for between 6months to 2 years.

58
Q

Superior mesenteric drains _____ and _____

A

Drains small and large bowel

59
Q

Pancreaticosplenic drains _____, ______, and _______

A

Drains small bowel, ascending colon, transverse colon.

60
Q

Common iliac Avery drains ______

A

Drains rectum

61
Q

Sacral nodes drains _______

A

Drains posterior pelvis organs

62
Q

Pararectal nodes drain ______

A

Drains rectum

63
Q

Inguinal nodes drain ______

A

Drains vulva, distal vagina and distal rectum and anus

64
Q

Which cancer is the third most common cancer in men and women and is the second leading case of cancer death in the US

A

Colorectal cancer.

65
Q

Signs and symptoms of gastric cancer

A

Signs include anorexia, weight loss, abdominal pain, indigestion. 90-95% is Adenocarcinoma. Treatment of choice is partiall or total gastrectomy.

66
Q

List of gastric cancers

A

Stromal tumor, lymphoma, and carcinoid tumors.

67
Q

Signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer.

A

Thirds most common in men and women. Usually present with abdominal pain, change in stool, and bloody stool. Typically 90-95 Adenocarcinoma. Treatment of choice is surgical resection.

68
Q

Urinary stones is more common in __________

A

Men 20-30 years old.

69
Q

Urinary stones is more commonly found in the ______ and ______

A

Renal pelvis or urinary bladder

70
Q

Urinary stones are usually less than _____

A

3mm in diameter.

71
Q

UTI are most commonly caused by ________

A

Most are cause by bacteria traveling through the lower urethra.

72
Q

Bacterial infection of the kidney is Calle

A

Pyelonephritis

73
Q

Infection of the urinary bladder si _____

A

Cystitis

74
Q

The adrenal cortex produces _______

A

More than 2 dozens steroids (Adenocortical steroids)

75
Q

The adrenal medulla produces _____ and _____

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

76
Q

What does epinephrine do

A

Hormone that increases blood flow to the muscles, output of the heart, pupil dilation, and blood sugar

77
Q

What does norepinephrine do

A

Stimulate the fight or flight response

78
Q

The right adrenal gland is just posterior the ______

A

IVC

79
Q

T/F

Adrenal cancer is rare

A

True.

0.04% of all cancers.

80
Q

______ kidney sits lower because of liver

A

Right kidney

81
Q

The orientation of the kidney

A

The upper poles is more medial and posterior than the lower pole

82
Q

The kidneys is embedded in _________ fat

A

Perirenal fat

83
Q

The kidney is compose of an _____cortex and a _____ medulla

A

Outer cortex and inner medulla

84
Q

Function of kidney

A

Removal of waste products and re-entry of filtered blood into the blood stream.

85
Q

Renal medulla is also called?

A

Renal pyramid

86
Q

T/F

Renal cell carcinoma is of the kidney

A

True

87
Q

T/F

Transitional cell carcinoma is of the renal pelvis and ureters

A

True

88
Q

Wilm tumor is also known as…

A

Nephroblastoma.

Most common kidney cancer in kids age 2-4. Very curable and dose is 20 Gy

89
Q

Function of the urethra

A

Draining urine from the bladder.

90
Q

In the male urethra, the prostatic urethra….

A

Passes through the middle of the prostate

91
Q

In the male urethra, the membranous urethra…

A

Penetrates the external urethral sphincter

92
Q

In the male urethra, the penile urethra….

A

Largest portion that extends to the tip of the penis

93
Q

T/F

The female urethra is longer than the male urethra.

A

False.

The female urethra is shorter (only 3-4cm long). Male urethra is 18-20cm long.

94
Q

Bladder cancer is the _____ common cancer

A

4th common cancer

95
Q

T/F

Bladder cancer is 3 times more common in women than men

A

False.

It’s 3 times more common in men than women.

96
Q

What’the number 1 cause of bladder cancer and the most common symptom

A

Number 1 cause is smoking. Most common symptom is hematuria (blood in urine) and the least common is UTI

97
Q

Bladder cancer types

A

Transitional cell carcinoma (90% of bladder cancer)
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Small cell carcinoma

98
Q

What’s the treatment of bladder cancer

A

Early: TURBT transurethral resection of bladder tumor
Invasive: cystectomy (removes bladder and associated organs

99
Q

What’s the field boarder for whole bladder cancer treatment

A

Proximal urethra, prostate, prostatic urethra (males) and pelvic nodes

40-45 Gy
Boost up to 66Gy

100
Q

Whats the normal number of treatment fields for bladder cancer

A

4 fields

AP, PA and laterals

CT Sectional Anatomy (3 decks)

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