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HLTH 2501 Review > Urinary/Reproductive > Flashcards

Urinary/Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

Urethral opening on the ventral surface of the penis. may be associated with cryptorchidism

A

hypospadias

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2
Q

Signs of pyelonephritis

A
  • signs of lower UTI
  • Flank pain
  • marked systemic signs
  • urinary casts
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3
Q

Signs of endometriosis

A
  • cyclic abdominal pain
  • Fibrosis leading to uterine displacement and nodular structures
  • Dyspareunia
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4
Q

Renal cell carcinoma (90-95% of cases) arises in PCT.

A

Most common kidney cancer and where it arises

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5
Q

Fibroids are AKA:

A

Leimyoma are AKA:

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6
Q
  • Sudden, severe, and gradually increasing abdomino-pelvic pain that worsens with walking
  • purulent discharge from cervical os
  • may be abdominal distension/rigidity
  • may be fever
A

signs of PID

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7
Q

Urinary/Renal tumors are usually _________ (Benign/Malignant)

A

malignant

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8
Q

Most common kidney cancer and where it arises

A

Renal cell carcinoma (90-95% of cases) arises in PCT.

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9
Q

In Males, LH stimulates _________

A

testosterone production from Leydig cells

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10
Q
  • hard nodule on DRE.
  • in advanced cancer there may be signs similar to BPH
A

Signs of prostate cancer

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11
Q

epispadias

A

Urethral opening on the dorsal surface of the penis. May lead to exstrophy of the bladder

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12
Q

PID is an infection of the reproductive tract, especially referring to the __________

A

fallopian tubes and ovaries

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13
Q

consequences of chronic pyelonephritis

A
  • Fibrosis
  • hydronephrosis
  • chronic loss of tubule function
  • Chronic Kidney failure
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14
Q

vesicoureteral reflux

A

Defective valve at bladder-ureter junction. Predisposes to pyelonephritis

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15
Q

Signs of BPH

A
  • hesitancy and dribbling without dysuria
  • incomplete emptying
  • nocturia
  • frequent UTI
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16
Q

varicocele

A

A dilated vein or varicosity in the spermatic cord due to an absence of valves in these vessels. There is a feeling of heaviness. In severe cases there may be a risk to fertility

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17
Q
  • signs of lower UTI
  • Flank pain
  • marked systemic signs
  • urinary casts
A

Signs of pyelonephritis

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18
Q

risks associated with BPH are

A
  • recurrent UTI
  • hydronephrosis/post-renal AKI
  • other risks associated with UT obstruction (calculi, etc.)
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19
Q

Urethral opening on the dorsal surface of the penis. May lead to exstrophy of the bladder

A

epispadias

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20
Q

stages of uterine prolapse

A
  1. cervix in vagina
  2. cervix at vaginal orifice, uterus in vagina
  3. uterus and cervix protrude from vagina
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21
Q

In Males, FSH stimulates ___________

A

spermatogenesis

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22
Q

Mild diuretic acting on DCT

A

HCTZ

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23
Q

the most common form of malignant breast cancer is

A

ductal carcinoma

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24
Q

Describe the vicious cycle of hypertension and renal failure

A

chronic hypertension leads to nephrosclerosis - decreased GFR causes RAAS activation - increased vasoconstriction and fluid retention potentiates further hypertension. Chronically this leads to fibrosis and necrosis of kidney structures

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25
Q
  • often follows course of antibiotics
  • swollen, erythematous, pruritic membranes
  • white, curd-like discharge
  • dyspareunia
A

Signs of candidiasis, not an STI

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26
Q

Ovarian cancer is of particular concern because:

A

it is often “silent” until it is in an dvanced stage

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27
Q

fungal infection of the glans penis by candida albicans

A

balanitis

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28
Q

universally fatal genetic kidney disease present at birth

A

Polycistic kidney disease of children

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29
Q

Common, benign tumor of the myometrium that may be intramural, submucosal, or subserosal.

A

leiomyoma/fibroid

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30
Q

the majority of testicular cancers are ______ (benign / malignant)

A

malignant

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31
Q

Spironolactone

A

Aldosterone antagonist diuretic, potassium sparing

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32
Q

characteristics of nodules in fibrocystic breast disease

A
  • firm and movable
  • vary in size throughout menstrual cycle
  • fluid filled and fibrous
  • cause heavy, tender breast tissue
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33
Q

The 4 categories of prostatitis

A
  1. Acute Bacterial
  2. Chronic bacterial
  3. non-bacterial
  4. asymptomatic inflammatory
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34
Q

Signs of candidiasis, not an STI

A
  • often follows course of antibiotics
  • swollen, erythematous, pruritic membranes
  • white, curd-like discharge
  • dyspareunia
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35
Q

prognosis for prostate cancers

A

100% survivable if localized to tissue. ~90% if found early

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36
Q

Infection of Bladder

A

cystitis

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37
Q

Early signs of CKD

A
  • polyuria
  • general signs (anorexia, fatigue, nausea, anemia)
  • hypertension
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38
Q

ovarian cysts

A

fluid-filled cavities arising from follicles or corpus lutea that may cause bleeding into the peritoneum

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39
Q

Disorder in women resulting from elevated LH and associated androgens

A

polycystic ovary syndrome

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40
Q

Signs of syphilis

A
  • Painless chancre (primary)
  • rash/fever/headaceh (secondary)
  • Gummas, neurosyphillis, CV system damage (tertiary)
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41
Q

sign of PCOS

A
  • Hirsutism
  • Amenorrhea
  • infertility
  • hyperglycemia (insulin resistance)
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42
Q

signs of PID

A
  • Sudden, severe, and gradually increasing abdomino-pelvic pain that worsens with walking
  • purulent discharge from cervical os
  • may be abdominal distension/rigidity
  • may be fever
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43
Q

Furosamide/LASIX

A

Very potent, potassium wasting diuretic acting on all tubules (loop diuretic)

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44
Q

Contrast acute bacterial, chronic baterial, and non-bacterial prostatitis

A

Acute bacterial: usually due to ascending UTI (e. coli) causing tender, swollen, soft prostate and pyuria

Chronic bacterial: due to repeated acute infections leading to slightly enlarged, irregular, firm prostate with signs of UTI

Non-bacterial: non-enlarged proste, cause not well understood

All: dysuria, frequency, systemic signs, lower abdominal discomfort, decereased stream

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45
Q

Contrast AKI and CKD

A

AKI: usually reversible reduction in kidney function due to an acute stressor. Kidney parenchyma is generally preserved following resolution. generally oliguria

CKD: usually irreversible, gradual changes to structure of kidney parenchyma. generally polyuria (inability reabsorb electrolytes)

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46
Q

Causes of AKI

A

Pre-Renal: hypotension/dehydration, obstruction (thrombus), heart failure (cardiorenal syndrome, structural defect, burns

Intra-Renal: Glomerulonephritis, nephrotoxins, rhabdomyolysis

Post-Renal: Obstruction/hydronephrosis - calculi, BPH, PCx, vesicoureteral reflux

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47
Q

2 causes of pyelonephritis

A
  1. ascending UTI
  2. Bacteremia
48
Q

Cryptorchidism carries an increased risk of ___________ later in life, and should be corrected before age ___

A

testicular cancer, 2

49
Q

cyst containing sperm near the epidydimis

A

spermatocele

50
Q

Signs of lower UTI

A
  • Abdo pain
  • Dysuria
  • Frequency, urgency, nocturia
  • Cloudy, foul-smelling urine
  • systemic signs of infection
51
Q
  • hard painless nodule in one testi
  • testicular heaviness
  • gynecomastia
  • secondary hydrocele or epidydimitis
A

signs of testicular cancer

52
Q

cryptorchidism

A

maldescent of the testis, which usually descend in the latter part of pregancy

53
Q

Adult polycystic kidney disease

A

chromosome 16 defect leads to untreatable polycystic chronic renal failure with no signs until 40yo

54
Q

maldescent of the testis, which usually descend in the latter part of pregancy

A

cryptorchidism

55
Q
A
56
Q

Digital rectal exam reveals a prostate that is _________ in BPH

A
  • enlarged
  • uniform (not lumpy)
  • nodular only around urethra, so not felt on exam
57
Q

marked retroversion of the uterus may cause ___________ (painful intercourse)

A

dyspareunia

58
Q

signs of testicular cancer

A
  • hard painless nodule in one testi
  • testicular heaviness
  • gynecomastia
  • secondary hydrocele or epidydimitis
59
Q

testicular cancer primarily occurs in ______ (young/middle-aged/elderly) men

A

young! 15-30

60
Q

Most cancers of the prostate are __________ and are found ________ (centrally/peripherally)

A

adenocarcinomas found peripherally (gives prostate lumpy feeling)

61
Q

Normal features that protect prostate from infection

A
  • antimicrobial secretions of the prostate
  • flushing action of urination and ejaculation
  • intact mucus membrane
62
Q

hypospadias

A

Urethral opening on the ventral surface of the penis. may be associated with cryptorchidism

63
Q

Signs of bladder cancer

A
  • gross hematuria
64
Q

common causative organisms of PID are:

A

chlamydia, gonorrhea, E. Coli

65
Q
  • menorrhagia and bleeding between periods
  • dysmenorrhea
  • dyspareunia
  • increased menstrual cramping
  • GU or GI symptoms if compression on surrounding structures
A

signs of fibroids (size dependent)

66
Q

Pyuria

A

Presence of pus in urine

67
Q

Aldosterone antagonist diuretic, potassium sparing

A

Spironolactone

68
Q

Defective valve at bladder-ureter junction. Predisposes to pyelonephritis

A

vesicoureteral reflux

69
Q

Leimyoma are AKA:

A

Fibroids are AKA:

70
Q

Prognosis abd signs of renal cell carcinoma (and why?)

A

Very poor due to being initially “silent” with many mets frequently by time of diagnosis. Paraneoplastic syndromes are common.

Signs include painless hematuria, dull flank pain, palpable mass, and weight loss/anemia

71
Q

UTI is usually __________ (ascending/descending)

A

ascending

72
Q

Cause of APSGN

A
  • Group A Beta-hemolytic strep infection of pharynx.
  • Antibody-Antigen complexes are formed, leading to a type-3 hypersenesitivity reaciton in the kidneys.
  • Leads to acute inflammation and damage
73
Q

nephrosclerosis

A

Kidney disease characterised by damage to renal vasculature, secondary to essential hypertension, DM, or other causes. May readily lead to chronic renal failure

74
Q
  • Hematuria/proteinuria (dark, frothy urine)
  • Hypertension
  • Edema
  • Nocturia
A

Signs of glomerulonephritis

75
Q

Signs of glomerulonephritis

A
  • Hematuria/proteinuria (dark, frothy urine)
  • Hypertension
  • Edema
  • Nocturia
76
Q
  • Abdo pain
  • Dysuria
  • Frequency, urgency, nocturia
  • Cloudy, foul-smelling urine
  • systemic signs of infection
A

Signs of lower UTI

77
Q

Malignant breast tumors frequently spread to the _______ lymph nodes and may cause a _______ appearance

A

axillary, p’eau d’orange

78
Q

Polycistic kidney disease of children

A

universally fatal kidney disease present at birth

79
Q

Signs of Chlamydia and gonorrhea

A
  • mild dysuria and discharge
  • arthritis
  • potential PID and infertility
  • conjunctivitis in newborns
80
Q

common sequelae of PID are _______

A

adhesions and strctures

81
Q

Late (uremic) signs of CKD

A
  • oliguria
  • dry, pruritic, hyperpigmented skin
  • neuropathy
  • Failure of Vit. D activation (hypocalcemia, ostedystrophy)
  • uremic frost
82
Q

PID may be fatal if it results in _________

A

septic shock

83
Q

Infection of renal pelvis

A

pyelonephritis

84
Q

Genital herpes is generally caused by:

A

HSV-2

85
Q

treatments of PCOS

A
  • surgical wedge resection
  • oral contraceptives (control androgen levels)
  • antihyperglycemics
86
Q

HCTZ

A

Mild diuretic acting on DCT

87
Q

inflammation of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries are called (respectively)

A

vaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis

88
Q

Accumulation of nitrogen-containing compounds in blood, secondary to AKI or CKD

A

azotemia

89
Q

protrusion of rectum or bladder into the vagina, respectively

A

rectocele or cytocele

90
Q

Signs of nephrotic Syndrome

A
  • Proteinuria, lipiduria, fatty casts (frothy urine)
  • Massive Edema
  • Skin breakdown/infection
  • Hyperlipidemia/lipiduria (not well understood)
91
Q

Presence of pus in urine

A

Pyuria

92
Q
  • mild dysuria and discharge
  • arthritis
  • potential PID and infertility
  • conjunctivitis in newborns
A

Signs of Chlamydia and gonorrhea

93
Q

Most common kind of kidney stone-causing salt

A

calcium

94
Q

Most common location of tumors in breast cancer is _______ followed by ________

A

upper outer quadrant followed by central. usually unilateral

95
Q

balanitis

A

fungal infection of the glans penis by candida albicans

96
Q

Causes of nephrotic syndrome

A
  • idiopathic in children (Minimal change disease)
  • Diabetes
  • Lupus
  • other systemic disease that damages glomeruli
97
Q

signs of breast cancer

A
  • single, small, painless nodule that is freely movable at first, but may become fixed
  • dimpling of the skin
  • unusual discharge from the nipple
98
Q

spermatocele

A

cyst containing sperm near the epidydimis

99
Q

signs of fibroids (size dependent)

A
  • menorrhagia and bleeding between periods
  • dysmenorrhea
  • dyspareunia
  • increased menstrual cramping
  • GU or GI symptoms if compression on surrounding structures
100
Q

Signs of prostate cancer

A

hard nodule on DRE. in advanced cancer there may be signs similar to BPH

101
Q

causes of primary and secondary amenorrhea

A

Primary (no menarche): Turner syndrome, hypothalamic defect, congenital uterine hypoplasia

Secondary: hypothalamic dysfunction (tumors, stress, sudden weight loss) anemia, chemo, extreme athleticism

102
Q

Excessive fluid between layers of the tunica vaginalis, can be visualized with transilumination of the scrotum. Greater fluid accumulation during the day

A

hydrocele

103
Q

Very potent, potassium wasting diuretic acting on all tubules (loop diuretic)

A

Furosamide/LASIX

104
Q

pyelonephritis

A

Infection of renal pelvis

105
Q

These two infections are commonly empirically treated together due to high risk of co-infection (STI)

A

gonorrhea and chlamydia

106
Q

leiomyoma/fibroid

A

Common, benign tumor of the myometrium that may be intramural, submucosal, or subserosal.

107
Q

Causes of urinary tract obstruction

A
  • BPH and prostate cancer
  • tumors
  • scarring/stenosis
  • congenital defects
  • calculi (urolithiasis)
108
Q

syphillis is caused by:

A

T. Pallidum, a spirochete

109
Q

Risk factors for UTI

A
  • Female
  • Diabetic
  • Elderly
  • Immunocompromised
  • Obstruction (pregnancy, calculi, stenosis)
  • Fomate
  • Fecal incontinence
110
Q

Prostate specific antigen (PSA)

A

a serum marker that is non-specific for BPH, prostatitis, or prostate cancer. useful for monitoring effectiveness of treatment

111
Q

rectocele or cytocele

A

protrusion of rectum or bladder into the vagina, respectively

112
Q

signs of endometrial cancer are

A
  • painless vaginal bleeding or spotting that may develop to a palpable mass in advanced stages
113
Q

A dilated vein or varicosity in the spermatic cord due to an absence of valves in these vessels. There is a feeling of heaviness. In severe cases there may be a risk to fertility

A

varicocele

114
Q

Kidney disease characterised by damage to renal vasculature, secondary to essential hypertension, DM, or other causes. May readily lead to chronic renal failure

A

nephrosclerosis

115
Q

hydrocele

A

Excessive fluid between layers of the tunica vaginalis, can be visualized with transilumination of the scrotum. Greater fluid accumulation during the day

116
Q

chromosome 16 defect leads to untreatable polycystic chronic renal failure with no signs until 40yo

A

Adult polycystic kidney disease

117
Q

BPH _____ (is / is not) associated with prostatic carcinoma

A

is not

HLTH 2501 Review (2 decks)

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