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HLTH 2501 Review > Urinary/Reproductive > Flashcards

Urinary/Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

Urethral opening on the ventral surface of the penis. may be associated with cryptorchidism

A

hypospadias

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2
Q

Signs of pyelonephritis

A
  • signs of lower UTI
  • Flank pain
  • marked systemic signs
  • urinary casts
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3
Q

Signs of endometriosis

A
  • cyclic abdominal pain
  • Fibrosis leading to uterine displacement and nodular structures
  • Dyspareunia
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4
Q

Renal cell carcinoma (90-95% of cases) arises in PCT.

A

Most common kidney cancer and where it arises

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5
Q

Fibroids are AKA:

A

Leimyoma are AKA:

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6
Q
  • Sudden, severe, and gradually increasing abdomino-pelvic pain that worsens with walking
  • purulent discharge from cervical os
  • may be abdominal distension/rigidity
  • may be fever
A

signs of PID

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7
Q

Urinary/Renal tumors are usually _________ (Benign/Malignant)

A

malignant

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8
Q

Most common kidney cancer and where it arises

A

Renal cell carcinoma (90-95% of cases) arises in PCT.

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9
Q

In Males, LH stimulates _________

A

testosterone production from Leydig cells

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10
Q
  • hard nodule on DRE.
  • in advanced cancer there may be signs similar to BPH
A

Signs of prostate cancer

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11
Q

epispadias

A

Urethral opening on the dorsal surface of the penis. May lead to exstrophy of the bladder

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12
Q

PID is an infection of the reproductive tract, especially referring to the __________

A

fallopian tubes and ovaries

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13
Q

consequences of chronic pyelonephritis

A
  • Fibrosis
  • hydronephrosis
  • chronic loss of tubule function
  • Chronic Kidney failure
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14
Q

vesicoureteral reflux

A

Defective valve at bladder-ureter junction. Predisposes to pyelonephritis

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15
Q

Signs of BPH

A
  • hesitancy and dribbling without dysuria
  • incomplete emptying
  • nocturia
  • frequent UTI
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16
Q

varicocele

A

A dilated vein or varicosity in the spermatic cord due to an absence of valves in these vessels. There is a feeling of heaviness. In severe cases there may be a risk to fertility

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17
Q
  • signs of lower UTI
  • Flank pain
  • marked systemic signs
  • urinary casts
A

Signs of pyelonephritis

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18
Q

risks associated with BPH are

A
  • recurrent UTI
  • hydronephrosis/post-renal AKI
  • other risks associated with UT obstruction (calculi, etc.)
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19
Q

Urethral opening on the dorsal surface of the penis. May lead to exstrophy of the bladder

A

epispadias

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20
Q

stages of uterine prolapse

A
  1. cervix in vagina
  2. cervix at vaginal orifice, uterus in vagina
  3. uterus and cervix protrude from vagina
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21
Q

In Males, FSH stimulates ___________

A

spermatogenesis

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22
Q

Mild diuretic acting on DCT

A

HCTZ

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23
Q

the most common form of malignant breast cancer is

A

ductal carcinoma

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24
Q

Describe the vicious cycle of hypertension and renal failure

A

chronic hypertension leads to nephrosclerosis - decreased GFR causes RAAS activation - increased vasoconstriction and fluid retention potentiates further hypertension. Chronically this leads to fibrosis and necrosis of kidney structures

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25
* often follows course of antibiotics * swollen, erythematous, pruritic membranes * white, curd-like discharge * dyspareunia
Signs of **candidiasis**, not an STI
26
Ovarian cancer is of particular concern because:
it is often "silent" until it is in an dvanced stage
27
fungal infection of the glans penis by **candida albicans**
balanitis
28
universally fatal genetic kidney disease present at birth
Polycistic kidney disease of children
29
Common, benign tumor of the myometrium that may be intramural, submucosal, or subserosal.
leiomyoma/fibroid
30
the majority of testicular cancers are ______ (benign / malignant)
malignant
31
Spironolactone
Aldosterone antagonist diuretic, potassium sparing
32
characteristics of nodules in fibrocystic breast disease
* firm and movable * vary in size throughout menstrual cycle * fluid filled and fibrous * cause heavy, tender breast tissue
33
The 4 categories of prostatitis
1. Acute Bacterial 2. Chronic bacterial 3. non-bacterial 4. asymptomatic inflammatory
34
Signs of **candidiasis**, not an STI
* often follows course of antibiotics * swollen, erythematous, pruritic membranes * white, curd-like discharge * dyspareunia
35
prognosis for prostate cancers
100% survivable if localized to tissue. ~90% if found early
36
Infection of Bladder
cystitis
37
Early signs of CKD
* polyuria * general signs (anorexia, fatigue, nausea, anemia) * hypertension
38
ovarian cysts
fluid-filled cavities arising from follicles or corpus lutea that may cause bleeding into the peritoneum
39
Disorder in women resulting from elevated LH and associated androgens
polycystic ovary syndrome
40
Signs of syphilis
* Painless chancre (primary) * rash/fever/headaceh (secondary) * Gummas, neurosyphillis, CV system damage (tertiary)
41
sign of PCOS
* Hirsutism * Amenorrhea * infertility * hyperglycemia (insulin resistance)
42
signs of PID
* Sudden, severe, and gradually increasing abdomino-pelvic pain that worsens with walking * purulent discharge from cervical os * may be abdominal distension/rigidity * may be fever
43
Furosamide/LASIX
Very potent, potassium wasting diuretic acting on all tubules (loop diuretic)
44
Contrast acute bacterial, chronic baterial, and non-bacterial prostatitis
**Acute bacterial:** usually due to ascending UTI (e. coli) causing tender, swollen, soft prostate and pyuria **Chronic bacterial:** due to repeated acute infections leading to slightly enlarged, irregular, firm prostate with signs of UTI **Non-bacterial**: non-enlarged proste, cause not well understood **All:** dysuria, frequency, systemic signs, lower abdominal discomfort, decereased stream
45
Contrast AKI and CKD
AKI: usually reversible reduction in kidney function due to an acute stressor. Kidney parenchyma is generally preserved following resolution. **generally oliguria** CKD: usually irreversible, gradual changes to structure of kidney parenchyma. **generally polyuria** (inability reabsorb electrolytes)
46
Causes of AKI
Pre-Renal: hypotension/dehydration, obstruction (thrombus), **heart failure (cardiorenal syndrome**, structural defect, **burns** Intra-Renal: Glomerulonephritis, nephrotoxins, rhabdomyolysis Post-Renal: Obstruction/hydronephrosis - calculi, BPH, PCx, vesicoureteral reflux
47
2 causes of pyelonephritis
1. ascending UTI 2. Bacteremia
48
Cryptorchidism carries an increased risk of ___________ later in life, and should be corrected before age \_\_\_
testicular cancer, 2
49
cyst containing sperm near the epidydimis
spermatocele
50
Signs of lower UTI
* Abdo pain * Dysuria * Frequency, urgency, nocturia * Cloudy, foul-smelling urine * systemic signs of infection
51
* hard painless nodule in one testi * testicular heaviness * gynecomastia * secondary hydrocele or epidydimitis
signs of testicular cancer
52
cryptorchidism
maldescent of the testis, which usually descend in the latter part of pregancy
53
Adult polycystic kidney disease
chromosome 16 defect leads to untreatable polycystic chronic renal failure with no signs until 40yo
54
maldescent of the testis, which usually descend in the latter part of pregancy
cryptorchidism
55
56
Digital rectal exam reveals a prostate that is _________ in BPH
* enlarged * uniform (not lumpy) * nodular only around urethra, so not felt on exam
57
marked retroversion of the uterus may cause ___________ (painful intercourse)
dyspareunia
58
signs of testicular cancer
* hard painless nodule in one testi * testicular heaviness * gynecomastia * secondary hydrocele or epidydimitis
59
testicular cancer primarily occurs in ______ (young/middle-aged/elderly) men
young! 15-30
60
Most cancers of the prostate are __________ and are found ________ (centrally/peripherally)
adenocarcinomas found peripherally (gives prostate lumpy feeling)
61
Normal features that protect prostate from infection
* antimicrobial secretions of the prostate * flushing action of urination and ejaculation * intact mucus membrane
62
hypospadias
Urethral opening on the ventral surface of the penis. may be associated with **cryptorchidism**
63
Signs of bladder cancer
* gross hematuria
64
common causative organisms of PID are:
chlamydia, gonorrhea, E. Coli
65
* menorrhagia and bleeding between periods * dysmenorrhea * dyspareunia * increased menstrual cramping * GU or GI symptoms if compression on surrounding structures
signs of fibroids (**size dependent**)
66
Pyuria
Presence of pus in urine
67
Aldosterone antagonist diuretic, potassium sparing
Spironolactone
68
Defective valve at bladder-ureter junction. Predisposes to pyelonephritis
vesicoureteral reflux
69
Leimyoma are AKA:
Fibroids are AKA:
70
Prognosis abd signs of renal cell carcinoma (and why?)
Very poor due to being initially "silent" with many mets frequently by time of diagnosis. Paraneoplastic syndromes are common. Signs include painless hematuria, dull flank pain, palpable mass, and weight loss/anemia
71
UTI is usually __________ (ascending/descending)
ascending
72
Cause of APSGN
* Group A Beta-hemolytic strep infection of pharynx. * Antibody-Antigen complexes are formed, leading to a type-3 hypersenesitivity reaciton in the kidneys. * Leads to acute inflammation and damage
73
nephrosclerosis
Kidney disease characterised by damage to renal vasculature, secondary to essential hypertension, DM, or other causes. May readily lead to chronic renal failure
74
* Hematuria/proteinuria (dark, frothy urine) * Hypertension * Edema * Nocturia
Signs of glomerulonephritis
75
Signs of glomerulonephritis
* Hematuria/proteinuria (dark, frothy urine) * Hypertension * Edema * Nocturia
76
* Abdo pain * Dysuria * Frequency, urgency, nocturia * Cloudy, foul-smelling urine * systemic signs of infection
Signs of lower UTI
77
Malignant breast tumors frequently spread to the _______ lymph nodes and may cause a _______ appearance
axillary, p'eau d'orange
78
Polycistic kidney disease of children
universally fatal kidney disease present at birth
79
Signs of Chlamydia and gonorrhea
* mild dysuria and discharge * arthritis * potential PID and infertility * conjunctivitis in newborns
80
common sequelae of PID are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
adhesions and strctures
81
Late (uremic) signs of CKD
* oliguria * dry, pruritic, hyperpigmented skin * neuropathy * Failure of Vit. D activation (hypocalcemia, ostedystrophy) * uremic frost
82
PID may be fatal if it results in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
septic shock
83
Infection of renal pelvis
pyelonephritis
84
Genital herpes is generally caused by:
HSV-2
85
treatments of PCOS
* surgical wedge resection * oral contraceptives (control androgen levels) * antihyperglycemics
86
HCTZ
Mild diuretic acting on DCT
87
inflammation of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries are called (respectively)
vaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis
88
Accumulation of nitrogen-containing compounds in blood, secondary to AKI or CKD
azotemia
89
protrusion of rectum or bladder into the vagina, respectively
rectocele or cytocele
90
Signs of nephrotic Syndrome
* Proteinuria, lipiduria, fatty casts (frothy urine) * **Massive Edema** * Skin breakdown/infection * Hyperlipidemia/lipiduria (not well understood)
91
Presence of pus in urine
Pyuria
92
* mild dysuria and discharge * arthritis * potential PID and infertility * conjunctivitis in newborns
Signs of Chlamydia and gonorrhea
93
Most common kind of kidney stone-causing salt
calcium
94
Most common location of tumors in breast cancer is _______ followed by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
upper outer quadrant followed by central. usually unilateral
95
balanitis
fungal infection of the glans penis by **candida albicans**
96
Causes of nephrotic syndrome
* idiopathic in children (Minimal change disease) * Diabetes * Lupus * other systemic disease that damages glomeruli
97
signs of breast cancer
* single, small, painless nodule that is freely movable at first, but may become fixed * dimpling of the skin * unusual discharge from the nipple
98
spermatocele
cyst containing sperm near the epidydimis
99
signs of fibroids (**size dependent**)
* menorrhagia and bleeding between periods * dysmenorrhea * dyspareunia * increased menstrual cramping * GU or GI symptoms if compression on surrounding structures
100
Signs of prostate cancer
hard nodule on DRE. in advanced cancer there may be signs similar to BPH
101
causes of primary and secondary amenorrhea
**Primary (no menarche)**: Turner syndrome, hypothalamic defect, congenital uterine hypoplasia **Secondary****:** hypothalamic dysfunction (tumors, stress, sudden weight loss) anemia, chemo, extreme athleticism
102
Excessive fluid between layers of the tunica vaginalis, can be visualized with **transilumination** of the scrotum. Greater fluid accumulation during the day
hydrocele
103
Very potent, potassium wasting diuretic acting on all tubules (loop diuretic)
Furosamide/LASIX
104
pyelonephritis
Infection of renal pelvis
105
These two infections are commonly empirically treated together due to high risk of co-infection (STI)
gonorrhea and chlamydia
106
leiomyoma/fibroid
Common, benign tumor of the myometrium that may be intramural, submucosal, or subserosal.
107
Causes of urinary tract obstruction
* BPH and prostate cancer * tumors * scarring/stenosis * congenital defects * calculi (urolithiasis)
108
syphillis is caused by:
T. Pallidum, a spirochete
109
Risk factors for UTI
* Female * Diabetic * Elderly * Immunocompromised * Obstruction (pregnancy, calculi, stenosis) * Fomate * Fecal incontinence
110
Prostate specific antigen **(PSA)**
a serum marker that is non-specific for BPH, prostatitis, or prostate cancer. useful for monitoring effectiveness of treatment
111
rectocele or cytocele
protrusion of rectum or bladder into the vagina, respectively
112
signs of endometrial cancer are
* painless vaginal bleeding or spotting that may develop to a palpable mass in advanced stages
113
A dilated vein or varicosity in the spermatic cord due to an absence of valves in these vessels. There is a feeling of heaviness. In severe cases there may be a risk to fertility
varicocele
114
Kidney disease characterised by damage to renal vasculature, secondary to essential hypertension, DM, or other causes. May readily lead to chronic renal failure
nephrosclerosis
115
hydrocele
Excessive fluid between layers of the tunica vaginalis, can be visualized with **transilumination** of the scrotum. Greater fluid accumulation during the day
116
chromosome 16 defect leads to untreatable polycystic chronic renal failure with no signs until 40yo
Adult polycystic kidney disease
117
BPH _____ (is / is not) associated with prostatic carcinoma
**is not**

HLTH 2501 Review (2 decks)

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