Urinary + MSK Flashcards
consequences of nocturia
interrupted sleep
risk for falls
normal urinary changes
decreased bladder capacity
involuntary bladder contractions
increased urine production at night
urgency + frequency
urge incontinence
involuntary urine loss after sudden urge to void
most common
stress incontinence
leaking urine w physical exertion
in older women
r/t increase in intrabdominal pressure
caused by lack of estrogen, obesity, vaginal deliveries, surgery
overflow incontinence
chronically full bladder
mostly men
c/o dribbling
caused by urethral blockage, nerve injury, weakened bladder muscles, drugs
functional incontinence
barriers interfering w ability to make it to toilet
should be a diagnosis of exclusion
mixed incontinence most common in community dwelling pts
urge and stress
mixed incontinence most common in residential pts
urge and functional
upper UTI manifestations
fever, chills, flank pain, mental status changes
lower UTI manifestations
dysuria, hematuria, urgency, frequency
ligaments
bone to bone
prevents movement out of normal ROM
ligaments
bone to bone
prevents movement out of normal ROM
tendons
bone to muscle
facilitate movement
interventions post hip surgery
maintain hip abduction
HOB 45 degrees
do not bend hip more than 90 degrees
do not cross legs
high toilet seats
arthritis
inflammation of joint
leading cause of disability
osteoarthritis
patho: degenerative, localized. wear + tear on synovial joints
cause: age, genetics, obesity, repetitive use
signs: joint instability, inflammation, Heberdon’s nodes
rheumatoid arthritis
patho: chronic, systemic autoimmune
signs: symmetrical, polyarticular pain and swelling, stiffness in AM 30+min, often w fever and fatigue
gouty arthritis
patho: accumulation of uric acid and crystals in joints from hyperuricemia
cause: decreased renal clearance and increased uric acid synthesis, obesity, diuretics, renal issues, diet high in purines and fructose
signs: severe and sudden pain in big toe or knee
treat: hydration, avoid high purine foods and organ meat, avoid alcohol
hip fractures
treat: immobilization, ORIF, arthroplasty
signs: severe pain, paralysis, edema, audible pop, affected extremity appears shorter and is externally rotated
reduction
to put back into alignment
interventions for cognitively impaired UI pts
scheduled toileting
habit training
prompted voiding
interventions for cognitively intact UI pts
pelvic floor exercises
bladder retraining
benign prostatic hypertrophy
patho: large prostate r/t constriction of urethra and obstruction of urine flow
etiology: age related, 80% of ppl 80+ yrs
signs: hesitancy, decreased urine stream, dribbling, sensation of full bladder, urinary retention
how is prostate cancer diagnosed
digital exam
PSA blood test
algor mortis
cold body
decreased elasticity
lack of circulation
postmortem decomposition
bruising and skin softening
body turns gray
mottling and RBC breakdown
rigor mortis
w/in 4hrs of death
contraction of muscles and immbolization of joints
kennedy terminal ulcers
3:30 syndrome
rapid progression
starts stage 2, blister, black dots
osteoblasts
increase calcium in bones
by decreasing calcitonin in blood
osteoclasts
decreased calcium in bones by increasing calcium in blood (PTH)
osteoporosis
patho: creation of new bone unable to keep up w old bone removal
diagnosis: DXA w T score below 2.5
complication: falls
signs: kyphosis of cervical spine
meds: antiresorptive(slows breakdown) or anabolic(encourages building)
primary osteoporosis
age related, most common
type 1- post menopausal
type 2- aging r/t (70+)
secondary osteoporosis
r/t other disease or meds
think steroids
foods high in purines
bacon, grouse, liver, anchovies, salmon, turkey, veal, scallops, haddock, yeast, sardines, herring, mussels
preventing osteoporosis
weight bearing exercise
avoid smoking + alcohol
consume 1000mg Ca per day
