URINARY Inflammatory, immunologic Flashcards
Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the tiny filters in the kidneys (glomeruli). The excess fluid and waste that glomeruli remove from the bloodstream exit the body as urine. Glomerulonephritis can come on suddenly (acute) or gradually (chronic)
SYMPTOMS: Pink or cola-colored urine from red blood cells in your urine (hematuria)
Foamy or bubbly urine due to excess protein in the urine (proteinuria)
High blood pressure (hypertension)
Fluid retention (edema) with swelling evident in your face, hands, feet and abdomen.
Urinating less than usual.
Nausea and vomiting.
CAUSE: often caused by a problem with your immune system. Sometimes it’s part of a condition such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or vasculitis. In some cases, it can be caused by infections, such as: HIV.
Interstitial Cystitis
A chronic condition causing bladder pressure, bladder pain and sometimes pelvic pain. The pain ranges from mild discomfort to severe pain. The condition is a part of a spectrum of diseases known as painful bladder syndrome.
Your bladder is a hollow, muscular organ that stores urine. The bladder expands until it’s full and then signals your brain that it’s time to urinate, communicating through the pelvic nerves. This creates the urge to urinate for most people.
With interstitial cystitis, these signals get mixed up — you feel the need to urinate more often and with smaller volumes of urine than most people.
Interstitial cystitis most often affects women and can have a long-lasting impact on quality of life. Although there’s no cure, medications and other therapies may offer relief.
SYMPTOMS: vary from person to person. If you have interstitial cystitis, your symptoms may also vary over time, periodically flaring in response to common triggers, such as menstruation, sitting for a long time, stress, exercise and sexual activity.
Interstitial cystitis signs and symptoms include:
Pain in your pelvis or between the vagina and anus in women
Pain between the scrotum and anus (perineum) in men
Chronic pelvic pain
A persistent, urgent need to urinate
Frequent urination, often of small amounts, throughout the day and night (up to 60 times a day)
Pain or discomfort while the bladder fills and relief after urinating
Pain during sex
Symptoms severity is different for everyone, and some people may experience symptom-free periods.
Although signs and symptoms of interstitial cystitis may resemble those of a chronic urinary tract infection, there’s usually no infection. However, symptoms may worsen if a person with interstitial cystitis gets a urinary tract infection.
CAUSE: The exact cause of interstitial cystitis isn’t known, but it’s likely that many factors contribute. For instance, people with interstitial cystitis may also have a defect in the protective lining (epithelium) of the bladder. A leak in the epithelium may allow toxic substances in urine to irritate your bladder wall.
Other possible but unproven contributing factors include an autoimmune reaction, heredity, infection or allergy.
Risk factors
These factors are associated with a higher risk of interstitial cystitis:
Your sex. Women are diagnosed with interstitial cystitis more often than men. Symptoms in men may mimic interstitial cystitis, but they’re more often associated with an inflammation of the prostate gland (prostatitis).
Your age. Most people with interstitial cystitis are diagnosed during their 30s or older.
Having a chronic pain disorder. Interstitial cystitis may be associated with other chronic pain disorder, such as irritable bowel syndrome or fibromyalgia.
Nephritis
A condition in which the tissues in the kidney become inflamed and have problems filtering waste from the blood. Nephritis may be caused by infection, inflammatory conditions (such as lupus), certain genetic conditions, and other diseases or conditions
SYMPTOMS: Pink or cola-colored urine from red blood cells in your urine (hematuria)
Foamy or bubbly urine due to excess protein in the urine (proteinuria)
High blood pressure (hypertension)
Fluid retention (edema) with swelling evident in your face, hands, feet and abdomen.
Urinating less than usual.
Nausea and vomiting.
CAUSE: most often caused by autoimmune diseases that affect major organs, although it can also result from infection. Nephritis can cause excessive amounts of protein to be excreted in urine, and fluid to build up in the body.
Nephrotic Syndrome
A kidney disorder that causes your body to pass too much protein in your urine. Nephrotic syndrome is usually caused by damage to the clusters of small blood vessels in your kidneys that filter waste and excess water from your blood.
SYMPTOMS: Blood in the urine (urine appears dark, tea-colored, or cloudy)
Decreased urine output (little or no urine may be produced)
Swelling of the face, eye socket, legs, arms, hands, feet, abdomen, or other areas.
High blood pressure.
CAUSE: usually caused by damage to the clusters of small blood vessels in your kidneys that filter waste and excess water from your blood. The condition causes swelling, particularly in your feet and ankles, and increases the risk of other health problems
*Nephritic syndrome is characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli (glomerulonephritis) and renal dysfunction. The most common cause is immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy, also known as Berger’s disease, but other causes include postinfectious glomerulonephritis and lupus nephritis. Nephritic syndrome can present with oliguria, hypertension, and hematuria (cola-colored urine). Edema may also be present, although it is not nearly as severe as in nephrotic syndrome. Laboratory findings include hematuria, proteinuria (< 3.0 g/day), elevated BUN and creatinine, and red cell casts in urine.
Nephrotic syndrome develops as damage to glomeruli results in massive proteinuria and generalized edema (anasarca). It can be caused by a variety of disorders in adults (e.g., diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis). The most common cause in children is minimal change disease. The edema of nephrotic syndrome decreases the amount of intravascular fluid and decreases blood pressure, stimulating the kidneys to release renin. Ultimately, the adrenal glands respond by releasing aldosterone to retain sodium and water, which provides more fluid to contribute to the further development of edema. Laboratory findings include hypoalbuminemia, massive proteinuria (> 3.5 g/day), hyperlipidemia, and waxy casts and oval fat bodies in urine.
Nephrotic Syndrome
A kidney disorder that causes your body to pass too much protein in your urine. Nephrotic syndrome is usually caused by damage to the clusters of small blood vessels in your kidneys that filter waste and excess water from your blood.
SYMPTOMS: Blood in the urine (urine appears dark, tea-colored, or cloudy)
Decreased urine output (little or no urine may be produced)
Swelling of the face, eye socket, legs, arms, hands, feet, abdomen, or other areas.
High blood pressure.
CAUSE: usually caused by damage to the clusters of small blood vessels in your kidneys that filter waste and excess water from your blood. The condition causes swelling, particularly in your feet and ankles, and increases the risk of other health problems
*Nephritic syndrome is characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli (glomerulonephritis) and renal dysfunction. The most common cause is immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy, also known as Berger’s disease, but other causes include postinfectious glomerulonephritis and lupus nephritis. Nephritic syndrome can present with oliguria, hypertension, and hematuria (cola-colored urine). Edema may also be present, although it is not nearly as severe as in nephrotic syndrome. Laboratory findings include hematuria, proteinuria (< 3.0 g/day), elevated BUN and creatinine, and red cell casts in urine.
Nephrotic syndrome develops as damage to glomeruli results in massive proteinuria and generalized edema (anasarca). It can be caused by a variety of disorders in adults (e.g., diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis). The most common cause in children is minimal change disease. The edema of nephrotic syndrome decreases the amount of intravascular fluid and decreases blood pressure, stimulating the kidneys to release renin. Ultimately, the adrenal glands respond by releasing aldosterone to retain sodium and water, which provides more fluid to contribute to the further development of edema. Laboratory findings include hypoalbuminemia, massive proteinuria (> 3.5 g/day), hyperlipidemia, and waxy casts and oval fat bodies in urine.
