URINARY Infectious

Question 1

Acute Pyelonephritis

Answer 1

A bacterial infection causing inflammation of the kidneys and is one of the most common diseases of the kidney. Pyelonephritis occurs as a complication of an ascending urinary tract infection (UTI) which spreads from the bladder to the kidneys and their collecting systems.
SYMPTOMS: chills.
fever.
pain in your back, side, or groin.
nausea.
vomiting.
cloudy, dark, bloody, or foul-smelling urine.
frequent, painful urination.
CAUSE: The main cause of acute pyelonephritis is gram-negative bacteria, the most common being Escherichia coli. Other gram-negative bacteria which cause acute pyelonephritis include Proteus, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter. In most patients, the infecting organism will come from their fecal flor

Question 2

Chronic Pyelonephritis

Answer 2

A continuing pyogenic infection of the kidney that occurs almost exclusively in patients with major anatomic abnormalities. Symptoms may be absent or may include fever, malaise, and flank pain. Diagnosis is with urinalysis, culture, and imaging tests
SYMPTOMS: chills.
fever.
pain in your back, side, or groin.
nausea.
vomiting.
cloudy, dark, bloody, or foul-smelling urine.
frequent, painful urination.
CAUSE: Chronic pyelonephritis is most commonly caused by chronic vesicoureteral reflux. Diagnosis is clinical and confirmed with imaging studies. Typically, a biopsy is not performed.
Vesicoureteral reflux is the abnormal flow of urine from your bladder back up the tubes (ureters) that connect your kidneys to your bladder. Normally, urine flows from your kidneys through the ureters down to your bladder. It’s not supposed to flow back up

Question 3

Cystitis

Answer 3

Inflammation of the bladder, usually caused by a bladder infection. It’s a common type of urinary tract infection (UTI), particularly in women, and is usually more of a nuisance than a cause for serious concern. Mild cases will often get better by themselves within a few days.
SYMPTOMS: pain, burning or stinging when you pee.
needing to pee more often and urgently than normal.
feeling like you need to pee again soon after going to the toilet.
urine that’s dark, cloudy or strong-smelling.
pain low down in your tummy.
feeling generally unwell, achy, sick and tired.
CAUSE: UTIs typically occur when bacteria outside the body enter the urinary tract through the urethra and begin to multiply. Most cases of cystitis are caused by a type of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. But other types of bacteria can cause infections, too.

Question 4

Proteus Mirabilis

Answer 4

Proteus mirabilis is a Gram-negative bacterium which is well-known for its ability to robustly swarm across surfaces in a striking bulls’-eye pattern.
SYMPTOMS: Frequency of urination.
Pyuria (presence of white blob cells in the urine)
Cystitis (bladder infection)
Back pain.
Urgency.
Hematuria (presence of red blood cells in the urine)
CAUSE: It is thought that the majority of P. mirabilis urinary tract infections (UTI) result from ascension of bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract while others are due to person-to-person transmission, particularly in healthcare settings

Question 5

Gonococcal Urethritis

Answer 5

Gonococcal urethritis (gonorrhoea)
In gonococcal urethritis, the bacterial organism Neisseria gonorrhoeae produces an acute inflammation of the urethra. Following a short incubation period of 2 to 5 days after intercourse, a purulent urethral discharge develops, with pain on passing urine.
SYMPTOMS: a white or cloudy discharge from the tip of your penis.
a burning or painful sensation when you pee.
the tip of your penis feeling irritated and sore.
CAUSE: Sexually transmitted urethritis has two classifications: gonococcal urethritis (GCU) caused by infections with Neisseria gonorrhea or nongonococcal urethritis (NGU). Neisseria gonorrhea is the leading cause of urethritis. Neisseria gonorrhea is a gram-negative diplococci bacteria transmitted through sexual intercourse.

Question 6

Non-Gonococcal Urethritis (NGU)

Answer 6

An infection of the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. ‘Nongonococcal’ means the infection is not caused by the gonorrhea bacteria.
SYMPTOMS: Discharge from the penis.
Burning or pain when urinating.
Itching, irritation or tenderness.
Underwear stain.
CAUSE: NGU is often caused by a bacterial infection (like chlamydia), but it can also be caused by a virus or protozoa. Bacterial infections can be treated and cured with antibiotics. To find out if you have NGU, you need to be examined by a health care provider and have lab tests done.