Urinary Elimination

Question 1

Kidneys

Answer 1

Remove waste from the blood to form urine

Question 2

Functional unit of the kidneys

Answer 2

Nephron

Question 3

what kind of muscle are ureters made of?

Answer 3

Smooth muscle, they are smooth muscle tubules

Question 4

Function of the ureters

Answer 4

Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Question 5

What is the bladders purpose?

Answer 5

Storage compartment. It is a reservoir for urine until the urge to urinate develops

Question 6

Urethra

Answer 6

Urine travels from the bladder and exits through the urethral meatus

Question 7

When should inflants void after birth?

Answer 7

Within 24 hours

Question 8

Kidneys Functions

Answer 8

1. Filter waste from the blood 2. Produce substances that from red blood cells (ethropoeitin) 3. Fluid and electrolyte balance 4. Blood pressure control (RAAAASTA)

Question 9

What does hypertension lead to?

Answer 9

Decreased urine

Question 10

What worries is about extra potassium?

Answer 10

Worried about the heart

Question 11

Brain structures that influence bladder emptying

Answer 11

Cerebral Cortex, Thalmus, Hypothalmus, Brain Stem

Question 12

What does normal voiding involve?

Answer 12

Contraction of the bladder muscles and relaxation of the urethral spinchter

Question 13

Maturation

Answer 13

The act of peeing

Question 14

What can happen after surgery?

Answer 14

Stress—ADH release—urinary retention

Question 15

Factors influencing urination

Answer 15

Amount of urine in bladder, increasing urine volume stimulates the micturation center in the spinal cord, normally voiding is a voluntary process

Question 16

How much urine does a normal adult hold?

Answer 16

600 mL is full. 250-400 is normal

Question 17

Process of peeing

Answer 17

Pressure stresses the detrusor muscles forces bladder open. Sends sensation to spinal cord, reflex back, detrusor contracts

Question 18

Factors affecting urination: Preneral

Answer 18

(not purfusing well) decreased blood flow to and thru the kidneys

Question 19

Factors affecting urination: Renal

Answer 19

Diseases in kidney. Disease conditions of the renal tissue

Question 20

Factors affecting urination: Postrenal

Answer 20

Obstruction. Obstruction in the lower urinary tract

Question 21

Hydropneprosis

Answer 21

Distention and dilation of kidney pelvis. Obstruction can cause this

Question 22

Disease/Conditions that influence urination

Answer 22

Diabetes, Multiple Scelerosis, BPH, Cognitive disorders (Alzheimers), End-Stage renal disease

Question 23

Other Factors that influence urination

Answer 23

Sociocultural factors, psychlogical factors, fluid balance, surgical procedures, medications, diagnostic examination

Question 24

Are upper or lower UTIs more serious?

Answer 24

Upper. Ureters and kidneys

Question 25

Where do lower UTIS take place?

Answer 25

Urethra and bladder

Question 26

Nocturia

Answer 26

Waking up to pee. Should normally be able to sleep 7-8 hours without having to pee

Question 27

Polyuria

Answer 27

2500-3000 mL/day

Question 28

Oliguria

Answer 28

Less than 500 mL in 24 hours

Question 29

Anuria

Answer 29

Less than 100 mL in 24 hours

Question 30

Diuresis

Answer 30

Lots of urine. Usually because of diuretic

Question 31

Cystitis

Answer 31

Bladder inflammation

Question 32

Hematuria

Answer 32

Blood

Question 33

Pylonephritis

Answer 33

Renal pelvis

Question 34

Nocturnal Enuresis

Answer 34

peeing the bed

Question 35

When should you be able to palpate the bladder?

Answer 35

Greater than 600 mL

Question 36

Urinary retention

Answer 36

Accumulation of urine resulting from an inability of the bladder to empty properly. Bladder unable to the micturation reflex

Question 37

Possible causes or urinary retention

Answer 37

urethral ubstruction (stone/tumor), surgical trauma, child birth, alterations in sensory innervation, anxiety, side effects of medications

Question 38

UTIs

Answer 38

Most common healthcare associated infection

Question 39

What can UTIs be caused by in a healthcare setting?

Answer 39

Catheterization, surgical manipulation, 75-90% caused by ecoli

Question 40

What is the leading cause of UTI and sepsis

Answer 40

Indwelling (foley) catheter

Question 41

Urinary Incontenence

Answer 41

Worsens with aging. 50% of all long term care residents suffer from incontinence

Question 42

Urinary Diversion

Answer 42

Taking normal pathway of urine and re-routing it

Question 43

Causes of urinary diversion

Answer 43

cancer of the bladder, trauma, radiation, chronic cystitis

Question 44

Suprapubic stoma

Answer 44

Takes urine right out of the bladder

Question 45

Nephrostomy

Answer 45

Goes right into kidney. The ureters arnt working

Question 46

Urostomy

Answer 46

Made from part of the intestine. Still have ureters

Question 47

Neo bladder

Answer 47

Make a pouch out of the small intestine

Question 48

Dialysis

Answer 48

Can be short or long term

Question 49

Peritoneal Dialysis

Answer 49

Right into abdomen. Can be done at home. It is indirect and uses osmosis and and diffusion. Peritoneum uses a semipermeable membrane. Sterile solution instilled into peritoneum by gravity, left for time, drained out

Question 50

Hemodialysis

Answer 50

Usually about 2-4 hours, 3 days a week. Mechanical filtering of blood via membrane. Blood exits and returns via A/V fistula, CVL (central venous line)

Question 51

Kidney Transplant

Answer 51

Only cure for normal kidney function. On immunosuppresent medication for life.

Question 52

normal urine values

Answer 52

clear, straw yellow to light amber, slight ammonia odor, ph 4.6-7.8, SG 1.010-1.035

Question 53

What can Amber colored urine indicate?

Answer 53

Rhabdo, liver failure, blood

Question 54

Increased urine pH

Answer 54

Respiratory or metabolic alkalosis, gastric suction, vomiting, UTI

Question 55

Decreased urine pH

Answer 55

Metabolic acidosis, diabetes, diarrhea, respiratory acidosis

Question 56

Abnornal Findings: Increased Protein

Answer 56

Diabetes, CHF, Precalampsia, glomerulonephritis, polycystic disease, lutus erythematous, heavy metal poisoning, bladder tumor

Question 57

Abnoraml Findings: SG concentrated

Answer 57

dehydration, glycosuria proteinuria, fever, vomiting, diarrhea

Question 58

Abnormal Findings: DG Diluted

Answer 58

overhydration, renal failure, hypothermia, pyelonephritis

Question 59

Low and High end SG

Answer 59

1.010 and 1.035

Question 60

Abnormal Findings: Increased RBC

Answer 60

glomerulonephrits, acute tubular necrosis, cystits, traumatic catheterization

Question 61

Abnormal Findings: increased WBC

Answer 61

Bacterial infection in urinary tract, glomerulonephritis, acute pyelonephritits, lufus

Question 62

Cloude catheter

Answer 62

curved tip, easier to put in males with enlarged prostate

Question 63

Common Urinary Alterations

Answer 63

urgency, frequency, hesitancy, retention, dribbling, incontinence, residual urine

Question 64

Obtaining a urine speciman

Answer 64

random (anywhere), clean-catch (dont use first bit, clench and then pee), sterile (collected from catheter), timed collection (24 hr urine collection, done to see of theres kidney damage)