Urinary Elimination Flashcards
A system of organs that produce and excrete urine.
Urinary System
The liquid waste of the body.
Urine
2 Functions of the Urinary System:
Blood filtration
Urine production
Components of the Urinary System:
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Bladder
- Urethra
Remove waste products from the body.
Kidneys
Functions of the kidneys:
- Remove drugs from the body.
- Balance the body’s fluids.
- Release hormones (Renin) that regulate blood pressure.
- Produce an active from of Vitamin D (Calcitriol) that promotes strong and healthy bones.
- Control the production of red blood cells (Erythropoietin).
Transport urine from kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Ureters
Stores urine up to 4 hours.
Bladder
Discharges urine from the body.
Urethra
Nephrons are derived from the Greek word _______ meaning “kidney.”
nephros
How many nephrons are in each human kidney?
Approximately 200,000 - 1.8M
Functional unit of the urinary system.
Nephrons
It is where the blood is filtered.
Bowman’s Capsule
Each nephron unit comprises the:
- Arterioles
- Glomerulus
- Bowman’s Capsule
- Proximal and distal convoluted tubules
- Loop of Henle
Percentage of the urine filtrate that is reabsorbed.
99%
Calculi or stones that form along the urinary tract.
Urolithiasis
Inflammation of the urinary epithelium in response to colonization with pathogen.
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Pathogens involved in UTI:
- E. coli
- Staphylococcus
- Proteus
- Klebsiella
UTI on the upper region:
Pyelonephritis
UTI on the lower region:
Cystitis and Urethritis
Females are more prone to UTI
because of a:
shorter urethra
Normal urine pH:
4.6 - 8.0
Normal appearance of urine:
Clear
Normal color of urine:
Amber or straw
Normal odor of urine:
Aromatic
Normal specific gravity of urine:
1.010 - 1.025
Normal Protein (Albumin) content in urine:
Absent
Normal Glucose content in urine:
None
Normal ketones content in urine:
None
Normal blood content in urine:
Up to 2 RBCs
Microscopic examination would show that RBC is:
1-2/low power field
Microscopic examination would show that WBC is:
0-4/low power field
Microscopic examination would show that bacteria are:
none
A follow-up repeat urinalysis can be ordered if there is an:
increased amount of epithelium
An increased amount of epithelium, indicates that the specimen is:
not midstream
Increased WBC amount may indicate an:
infection
Ranges 1-3
Hydrated
Ranges 4-8
Dehydrated
Altered Urine Composition:
- Hematuria – RBC
- Pyuria – pus
- Bacteria
- Albuminuria – albumin
- Proteinuria – protein
- Glucosuria – glucose
- Ketonuria - ketones
Normal range of urine production:
30-66cc/hr.
Urine production of more than 100cc/hr.
Polyuria
Urine production of less than 30cc/hr.
Oliguria
Urine production of less than 10cc/hr. or none.
Anuria
Frequent voiding
Frequency
Increased urinary frequency at nighttime.
Nocturia
Urge to void but having difficulty in voiding.
Urgency
Uncontrolled leaking
Incontinence
Bladder not totally emptied
Retention
Painful urination
Dysuria
Difficulty in initiating voiding of at least 5 seconds.
Hesitancy
