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N150B - Fundamentals in Nursing > Urinary Elimination > Flashcards

Urinary Elimination Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the the function of the kidneys?

A

Filter waste products of metabolism from blood.

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2
Q

What is the function of the ureters?

A

Transport urine from kidneys to bladder.

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3
Q

What is the function of the bladder?

A

Holds urine until volume triggers urge.

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4
Q

What is micturition?

A

Occurs when brain triggers bladder to empty (bladder contracts, urinary sphincter relaxes).

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5
Q

What is the normal range for urine production?

A

0.5 - 1.5 mL/kg/hour (1-2 L per day)

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6
Q

Oliguria - how many mL per hour?

A

less than 30 mL/hour

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7
Q

At what age do people achieve voluntary control of urinary elimination?

A

18-24 months

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8
Q

How does diabetes mellitus influence urinary elimination?

A

There is a decreased sensation in the bladder.

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9
Q

How does multiple sclerosis influence urinary elimination?

A

Individuals may not sense their bladder is full.

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10
Q

How are individuals with arthritis, Parkinson disease, dementia, and chronic pain syndrome impacted in their ability to urinate?

A

Their conditions can interfere with timely access to the toilet.

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11
Q

How does a spinal cord injury or intervertebral disk disease (above S1) impact urinary elimination?

A

can cause the loss of urine control because of bladder overactivity and impaired coordination between the contracting bladder and urinary sphincter.

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12
Q

How does prostatic enlargement impact urinary elimination?

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia can cause obstruction of the bladder outlet, causing urinary retention

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13
Q

Why might some post-op patients have urinary retention?

A

Opiates such as morphine can cause urinary retention; this is why they make you pee before they send you home.

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14
Q

How do diuretics influence urinary elimination?

A

Diuretics increase urinary output by preventing resorption of water and certain electrolytes

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15
Q

What drug makes urine orange?

A

Phenazopyridine

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16
Q

How do anticholinergics influence urinary elimination?

A

May increase the risk for urinary retention by inhibiting bladder contractility; this medication is used for overactive bladders.

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17
Q

How do hypnotics and sedatives influence urinary elimination?

A

may reduce the ability to recognize and act on the urge to void; may cause confusion and drowsiness (must not be given to geriatric population).

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18
Q

Cues and causes of urgency

A

Full bladder, Urinary tract infection Inflammation or irritation of the bladder Overactive bladder

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19
Q

Cues and causes of dysuria

A

Urinary tract infection, Inflammation of the prostate, Urethritis, Urinary tract tumors

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20
Q

Cues and causes of frequency

A

High volumes of fluid intake, Bladder irritants (caffeine), Urinary tract infection
Increased pressure on bladder (pregnancy)
Bladder outlet obstruction (e.g., prostate enlargement, pelvic organ prolapse), Overactive bladder

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21
Q

Cues and causes of polyuria

A

High volumes of fluid intake, Uncontrolled DM, Diuretic therapy

22
Q

Cues and causes of oliguria

A

Fluid and electrolyte imbalance (dehydration) Kidney dysfunction or failure
Urinary tract obstruction

23
Q

Cues and causes of hematuria

A

Tumors (e.g., kidney, bladder)
Infection (e.g., glomerular nephritis, cystitis) Urinary tract calculi
Trauma to the urinary tract

24
Q

Cues and causes of retention

A

Bladder outlet obstruction, Absent or weak bladder contractility (e.g., neurological dysfunction) Side effects of certain medications

25
Q

Cues and causes of incontinence

A

cognitive, structural (prolapse where the pelvic floor comes out through the vagina), pathophysiologic, and situational (need to be able to physically manage to get to the restroom) components.

26
Q

What is hydronephrosis?

A

Water around the kidney

27
Q

Clear urine

A

You have been drinking too much water. Cut back.

28
Q

Yellowish to amber urine

A

Typically healthy urine

29
Q

Red or pink urine

A

You ate/dyed things OR enlarged prostate, kidney stones, tumors in bladder. Talk to your doctor.

30
Q

Orange urine

A

It could be just dehydration, but if combined with light colored stool, it could mean issues with your bile duct.

31
Q

Blue or green urine

A

Very rare. Most likely connected to something you ate. In rare cases, it could mean a bacterial infection.

32
Q

Dark brown urine

A

dehydration, diet related OR a side effect of certain medications, porphyria, OR liver disease.

33
Q

Cloudy urine

A

Dehydration, UTI, OR a symptom of chronic disease and kidney conditions. Cloudy urine with foam can be serious.

34
Q

Reasons for UTI

A

Catheterization or procedure

35
Q

Timeframe to send urine sample to lab if the cup does not have preservatives

A

2 hours

36
Q

Mid-stream clean catch

A

patient has to start peeing into the toilet and then catch it mid stream; bacteria living on the peri area which can skew the results.

37
Q

Specific gravity

A

high SG, more dehydration; lower means pt is drinking too much water

38
Q

pH and urine

A

The higher the pH the higher the potential for bacterial growth.

39
Q

What do leukocytes in the urine indicate?

A

Potential infection

40
Q

What do ketones in the urine indicate?

A

Breakdown of fatty acids seen in severe dehydration and diabetes and starvation.

41
Q

What does protein in the urine indicate?

A

Sign of kidney damage (damage to glomerular membrane)

42
Q

What does glucose in the urine indicate?

A

Poorly controlled diabetes or new onset of diabetes.

43
Q

What does a culture & sensitivity diagnostic test?

A

Culture - which bacteria is growing
Sensitivity - which antibiotic will work on the bacteria

44
Q

What does a BUN lab result sugges?

A

less specific to kidney function; if elevated but creatinine is normal, may indicate dehydration.

45
Q

KUB diagnostic test

A

kidney, urterer, bladder; looking for stones

46
Q

CT abdomen diagnostic test

A

Abscess or tumor

47
Q

Ultrasound diagnostic test

A

Least invasive (i.e., hydronephrosis); not used for kidney stones

48
Q

Suprapubic catheter

A

directly into bladder

49
Q

Condom catheter

A

directly over the penis

50
Q

Bladder irrigation

A

requires specialized training; typically seen with urologic procedures; can be continuous or intermittent; used to maintain patency and clear clots.

51
Q

A patient had a surgical procedure of the bladder and is receiving continuous bladder irrigation. During your 12-hour shift, the patient’s Foley collects 5,320 mL. The patient received 2500 mL of bladder irrigation. What is the patients urinary output?

A

5,320 - 2,500 = 2,820

52
Q

NO CAUTI nursing interventions

A

N150B - Fundamentals in Nursing (6 decks)

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