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Anatomy > Urinary and Reproductive System > Flashcards

Urinary and Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the kidneys partially protected by

A

The ribs

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2
Q

What levels of the vertebrae are the kidneys located

A

T12 and L3

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3
Q

Where are the kidneys located

A

In the retroperitoneum

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4
Q

What are the 8 functions of the kidneys ( IPVPOHGW)

A

Regulate blood ion levels
Regulate blood pH
Regulate blood volume
Regulate blood pressure
Maintain osmolartity
Produce 2 hormones
Regulate blood osmolarity
Excrete waste

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5
Q

What do kidneys produce that increases blood pressure

A

Renin

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6
Q

What 2 hormones do the kidneys produce

A

Calcitriol and erthyropoietin

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7
Q

What does calcitriol do

A

Regulates calcium levels

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8
Q

What does erthyropoietin do

A

Stimulates ertythrocytes production

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9
Q

What are the 3 layers of tissue that surround the kidneys

A

Renal fascia
Perirenal fat capsule
Fibrous capsule

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10
Q

What type of tissue is the renal fascia made of (hint fascia)

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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11
Q

What does the renal fascia do

A

Anchors kindly to surrounding structures and to the abdominal wall

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12
Q

The renal fascia is _______ to the peritoneum

A

Deep

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13
Q

What type of tissue is the perirenal fat capsule made of (hint fat)

A

Adipose loose connective tissue,connective tissue

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14
Q

What does the perirenal fat capsule surround

A

The fibrous capsule

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15
Q

What does the perirenal fat capsule do

A

Protects the kidney from trauma and holds the kidneys in place in the abdominal cavity

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16
Q

What type of tissue is the fibrous capsule

A

Smooth, transparent sheet of dense irregular connective tissue

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17
Q

What is the fibrous capsule of the kidney continuous with

A

The outer coat of the ureter

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18
Q

What does the fibrous capsule do

A

Serves as a barrier against trauma and helps maintain the shape of the kidney

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19
Q

What is the hilum of the kidney

A

The concave medial border

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20
Q

What does the hilum face

A

The vertebral column

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21
Q

What passes through the hilum of each kidney

A

Ureter, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

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22
Q

What is the pathway of urine drainage

A

Collecting duct
Papillary duct
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal relvis
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urination (micturition)

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23
Q

What does the renal medulla consist of

A

Renal pyramids

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24
Q

What is the apex of a renal pyramid called

A

The renal papilla

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25
Q

What is the space between renal pyramids called

A

Renal column

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26
Q

What is the path of blood flow through the kidney (14)

A

Renal artery
Segmental arteries
Interlobar arteries
Arcuate arteries
Cortical radiate arteries
Afferent glomerular arterioles
Glomerular capillaries
Efferent glomerular arterioles
Peritubular capillaries
Peritubular venules
Cortical radiate veins
Arcuate veins
Interlobar veins
Renal vein

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27
Q

What is the flow of fluid through a cortical nephron

A

Glomerular capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Descending limb of nephron loop
Ascending limb of nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct

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28
Q

Where is a Cortical nephron located

A

In the cortex of the kidney

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29
Q

What is the flow of fluid through a juxtamedullary nephron

A

Glomerular capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Descending limb of nephron loop
Thin ascending limb of nephron loop
Thick ascending limb of nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct

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30
Q

Where is a juxtamedullary nephron located

A

Descends into the medulla of the kidney

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31
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney

A

The nephron

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32
Q

How many nephrons are in a kidney

A

Approximately 1 million

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33
Q

What are the two parts of a nephron

A

The renal corpuscle and the renal tubule

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34
Q

What is the purpose of the renal corpuscle

A

Where blood plasma is filtered

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35
Q

What are the two components of the renal corpuscle

A

Glomerulus (capillary network)
Glomerular capsule

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36
Q

What is the purpose of the renal tubule

A

Into which the filtered fluid passes

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37
Q

What are the 3 components of the renal tubule

A

Proximal convoluted tubule
Nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule

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38
Q

Are the collecting duct and lapillary duct a part of the nephron

A

No

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39
Q

Where is the macula densa located

A

In the wall of the ascending limb of the nephron loop, where the tubule comes into contact with the afferent glomerular arteriole

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40
Q

What type of tissue is the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule made of

A

Simple squamous epithelium, epithelial tissue

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41
Q

What layer of the glomerular capsule are podocytes located

A

The visceral layer

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42
Q

What type of tissue is the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule made of

A

Modified simple squamous epithelium called podocytes

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43
Q

Where does filtered fluid from the glomerular capillaries enter

A

The capsular space - the lumen of the urinary tubule

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44
Q

What type of nephrons are most nephrons

A

Cortical nephrons

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45
Q

What is the difference between cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Location of the renal corpuscle
Length of the nephron loop
Blood supply to the peritubular capillaries

46
Q

What do macula densa cells do

A

Monitor NaCl content of the filtrate entering the distal convoluted tubule

47
Q

What type of tissue are juxtaglomerular cells

A

Modified smooth muscle cells

48
Q

Where are juxtaglomerular cells located

A

The afferent glomerular arteriole

49
Q

What do juxtaglomerular cells do

A

They constrict or dilute the afferent glomerular arteriole in order to effect blood flow into the glomerulus

50
Q

What are the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

The macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells

51
Q

What is the purpose of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

To regulate the blood pressure of the renal corpuscle

52
Q

What type of tissue is the Proximal convoluted tubule made of

A

Simple cubical epithelial cells

53
Q

What type of tissue is the descending limp and thin ascending limp of a nephron loop made of

A

Simple squamous epithelium

54
Q

What type of tissue is the thick ascending limp of the nephron loop made of

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium to low columnar epithelium

55
Q

What is most of the distal convoluted tubule made of

A

Simple cuboidal epithelial cells

56
Q

What type of tissue is the last part of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct made of

A

Simple cuboidal epithelial cells
- principle cells and intercalated cells

57
Q

What is the purpose of principle cells

A

Regulated by antidieretic hormone and aldosterone - uptake of sodium and extrusion of potassium

58
Q

What is the purpose of intercalated cells

A

Help maintain blood pH

59
Q

What are the 3 main functions of a nephron

A

Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

60
Q

What is glomerular filtration

A

150-280L of blood is filtered every day

61
Q

What is the purpose of Tubular reabsorption

A

99% of the glomerular filtration returns to the blood stream

62
Q

What is the purpose of tubular secretion

A

Remove substance from blood - producing urine (1-2L per day)

63
Q

What are the components of the filtration membrane

A

Fenestrations of glomerulus
Basal lamina of glomerulus
Slit membrane between pedicels

64
Q

What is the purpose of fenestrations of glomerulus

A

Prevents filtration of blood cells

65
Q

What is the purpose of the basal lamina of glomerulus

A

Prevents filtration of larger proteins

66
Q

What is the purpose of the slit membrane formed between pedicels

A

Prevents filtration of medium-sized proteins

67
Q

What type of nephron has both Vasa recta and Peritubular capillaries

A

Juxtamedullary nephron

68
Q

What type of nephron only has pertitubular capillaries

A

Cortical nephron

69
Q

What is the purpose of ureter

A

They transport the urine from the kidney into the urinary bladder

70
Q

What do the mucosal folds of the urinary bladder do

A

They allow expansion of urinary bladder as it fills

71
Q

What does the peritoneum of the urinary bladder do

A

Hold the urinary bladder in place

72
Q

What is the trigone of the bladder

A

The triangular area

73
Q

Is the internal urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary control

A

Involuntary

74
Q

Is the external urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary control

A

Voluntary control

75
Q

What do urethral sphincter do

A

Opens and closes urethra

76
Q

What is the external urethral orifice

A

Opening of the urethra to the outside

77
Q

What is the detrusor muscle

A

Contracts to push urine into the urethra

78
Q

What is the internal urethral orifice

A

The opening into the urethra

79
Q

What is the urethra

A

The passageway for discharging urine from the body

80
Q

How do ureter transport urine from the kidney to the bladder

A

Peristaltic contractions
Hydrostatic pressure and gravity

81
Q

What are long, thick walled, narrow tubes

A

Ureter

82
Q

Where do the ureters enter

A

In the posterior wall of the bladder at the trigone

83
Q

How is back flow of urine into the ureters prevented

A

As the bladder fills with urine, the pressure compresses the openings into the ureters, preventing back flow

84
Q

What is the urinary bladder

A

It is a hollow, distensible muscular organ in pelvic cavity

85
Q

What is the micturition reflex

A

The discharge of urine from the urinary bladder

86
Q

Is the micturition reflex voluntary or involuntary

A

A combination of both

87
Q

How many segments of the urethra do men have

A

3

88
Q

What are the 3 segments of the urethra in men

A

Prostate urethra
Intermediate urethra
Spongy urethra

89
Q

What are the primary sex organs

A

Gonads

90
Q

What do the gonads do

A

They produce sex cells called gamete
Secrete steroid sex hormones

91
Q

What do the ducts do

A

Store and transport the gamete

92
Q

What do accessory Reproductive glands do

A

Produce substances that protect the gamete and facilitate their movement in glands

93
Q

What do the supporting reproductive structures do

A

Assist in delivery of the gametes

94
Q

What are the testis (sn) or testes (pl)

A

Paired oval glands

95
Q

What is the scrotum

A

Is the supporting structures for the testes

96
Q

What are the testes partially covered with

A

A serous membrane known as the tunica vaginalis

97
Q

What is the tunica albuginea

A

A tissue layer that divides the testis into many lobules

98
Q

What type of tissue is the tunica albuginea

A

Fibrous dense irregular connective tissue

99
Q

How many semineferous tubules does each lobule contain

A

1-3 seminiferous tubules

100
Q

What is the site of sperm production

A

Seminiferous tubules

101
Q

What is spermatogenesis

A

Production of sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules

102
Q

What is spermatogenesis

A

The production of sperm

103
Q

What is spermiogenesis

A

Is the maturation of haploid spermatids into sperm

104
Q

What happens to spermatogonia

A

Some remain as precursor stem cells
Some push away from the basement membrane and go through differentiation

105
Q

What is the site of sperm maturation

A

The epididymis

106
Q

What does the ductus deferens do

A

Carries sperm from the epididymis towards the urethra

107
Q

How is soerm carried from the epididymis to the urethra

A

Peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle

108
Q

What stores sperm and for how long

A

The ductus deferens for several months

109
Q

What is another name for foreskin

A

Prepuce

110
Q

What does each follicle contain

A

An oocyte

111
Q

What oocyte is ovulated

A

A secondary oocyte

Anatomy (3 decks)

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