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Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of cells in the nervous system

A

Neurons and neuroglia

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2
Q

What are the components of the CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Is motor output or input

A

Output

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4
Q

Is sensory output or input

A

Input

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5
Q

What is included in the PNS

A

All nervous tissues outside the CNS

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6
Q

What is white matter composed of

A

Myelinated axons

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7
Q

What’s Grey matter composed of

A

Cell bodies, axon terminals, and dendrites (unmyelinated)

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8
Q

What is the collection of cell bodies in the PNS called

A

Ganglion

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9
Q

What is the collection of cell bodies in the CNS called

A

Nucleus

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10
Q

What is the collection of nerve fibers in the PNS called

A

Nerve

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11
Q

What is the collection of nerve fibers in the CNS called

A

Tract

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12
Q

What type of neuoglial cell produces myelin sheaths in the CNS

A

Olgidendrocytes

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13
Q

What is is myelin sheath

A

A lipid protein covering surrounding some axons

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14
Q

How many myelin sheaths can an olgiodendrocytes produce

A

Multiple

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15
Q

How many myelin sheaths does a Shwann cell produce

A

1

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16
Q

What do myelin sheaths do

A

Speed up the rate of conduction of nerve impulses

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17
Q

How do olgiodendrocytes produce myelin sheaths

A

Have arms that pull neurons together and form the myelin sheaths

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18
Q

How do shwann cells produce myelin sheaths

A

They encircle the axon

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19
Q

What is the neurolemma

A

The outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the schwann cell

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20
Q

What do nerve impulses do in myelinated axons

A

Jump from gap to gap

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21
Q

What are myelin sheaths gaps

A

They are the gaps between the myelin sheaths on the axon

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22
Q

What are the connective tissue covering of the spinal nerve

A

Epineruium
Perineurium
Endoneurium

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23
Q

What is the organization of a spinal nerve

A

Spinal Nerve
Nerve fasicle
Axon

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24
Q

What does the epineurium surround

A

The entire nerve

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25
Q

What does the perineurium surround

A

Around each nerve fasicle

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26
Q

What does the endoneurium surround

A

Each axon (nerve fiber), around the myelin sheath

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27
Q

What is the bulb ending of the spinal cord called

A

Conus medullaris

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28
Q

What is the horse-like tail at the end of the spinal cord called

A

Cauda equina

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29
Q

What is the ending of the spinal cord called

A

Filum terminale

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30
Q

What nerves do not form plexus

A

Intercostal/ thoracic nerves

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31
Q

What plexus does the phrenic nerve come off of

A

Cervical plexus

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32
Q

What does the phrenic nerve innervate

A

The diaphragm,for breathing

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33
Q

What are the enlargements of the spinal cord

A

Cervical enlargement and a lumbar enlargement

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34
Q

What is the longest nerve in the body

A

Sciatic nerve

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35
Q

How many spinal nerves are there in what regions

A

Cervical 8
Thoracic 12
Lumbar 5
Sacral 5
Coccygeal 1

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36
Q

What are the covering of the spinal cord called

A

Meninges

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37
Q

What are the spinal meninges from deep to superficial

A

Pia mater
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater

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38
Q

What is the space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater called

A

Subdural space

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39
Q

What is the space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater called

A

Subarachnoid space

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40
Q

What does a mixed spinal nerve mean

A

Contains both sensory and motor neurons

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41
Q

What type of neuron is in the posterior root of spinal nerves

A

Sensory/afferent - incoming signal

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42
Q

What type of neuron is in the anterior root of a spinal nerve

A

Motor/ efferent - outgoing signal

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43
Q

What are the protrusions of the Grey matter in the spinal cord called

A

Grey horns (anterior, lateral, and posterior)

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44
Q

What type of invagination is the anterior median

A

Fissure

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45
Q

What type of invagination is the posterior median

A

Sulcus

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46
Q

What are the anterior projections of a root of a spinal cord called

A

Rootlets

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47
Q

What are the anterior projections of a root of a spinal cord called

A

Rootlets

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48
Q

Where is the cell body of a motor neuron located in spinal cord

A

Grey matter

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49
Q

Where is the cell body of a sensory neuron located in the spinal cord

A

Posterior root ganglion

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50
Q

What are sensations felt by

A

Sensory neurons

51
Q

What are effectors

A

Muscles, glands, etc…

52
Q

What groove separates the 2 hemispheres of the brain

A

Longitudinal cerebral fissure

53
Q

What type of tissue connects the two hemispheres of the brain

A

Corpus callosum

54
Q

What lobes does the central sulcus connect

A

Frontal and parietal

55
Q

What lobes does the lateral cerebral sulcus connect

A

Frontal and temporal

56
Q

What lobes does the parieto-occipital sulcus connect

A

Occipital and parietal

57
Q

What part of the cerebrum is deep to the temporal lobe

A

Insula

58
Q

What connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

A

Vermis

59
Q

What is the white matter of the cerebellum called

A

Arbor vitae

60
Q

What is the Grey matter of the cerebellum called

A

Cerebellar cortex

61
Q

What are the gyri of the cerebellum called

A

Folia

62
Q

Where is the flocculonodular lobe located

A

Inferior side of Cerebellum, closer to the brainstem

63
Q

What are the components of the diencephalon

A

Epithalamus, pineal gland
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

64
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland produce

A

Melatonin

65
Q

What are the components of the brainstem

A

Midbrain
Pons and medulla oblongata (hind brain)

66
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves

A

Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Fruit
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypogloassal

67
Q

What produces cerebral spinal fluid

A

Choroid plexus

68
Q

What is the path of cerebral spinal fluid

A

Lateral ventricle
Interventricular foramen
Third ventricle
Aqueduct of the midbrain
Fourth ventricle
Lateral and median aperture
Central canal (spinal cord)

69
Q

What reabsorbs cerebral spinal fluid

A

Arachnoid granulations

70
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Maintenence activities and conserves energy

71
Q

What is the rest and digest system

A

Parasympathetic

72
Q

What is a sympathetic nervous system

A

Extreame situations

73
Q

What is the fight or flight system

A

Sympathetic

74
Q

What region of the spinal column does the sympathetic region innervate

A

The Thoracic and Lumbar region

75
Q

What region of the spinal column does the parasympathetic division innervate

A

The cervical and sacral region

76
Q

What is only innervated by the sympathetic division

A

The skin and adrenal glad

77
Q

What is the location of ganglia in the sympathetic system

A

Close to the spinal cord

78
Q

What is the location of the ganglia is the parasympathetic region

A

Close to or at the target cells

79
Q

What is the length of postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic divison

A

Long

80
Q

What is the length of the postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division

A

Short

81
Q

What is the extent of postganglionic branching in the sympathetic division

A

Lots, so it can mobilize multiple organs at once

82
Q

What is the extent of postganglionic branching in the parasympathetic division

A

Very little

83
Q

What is the site of communication between a neuron and its target called

A

A synapse

84
Q

What is the neuron before a synapse called

A

A presynaptic neuron

85
Q

What is the neuron after the synapse called

A

A postsynaptic neuron

86
Q

What can a presynaptic neuron innervate

A

A postsynaptic neuron or an effector

87
Q

What do somatic motor neurons release

A

Acetylcholine

88
Q

What does the presynaptic neuron of sympathic division release

A

Acetylcholine

89
Q

What does the postsynaptic neuron of the sympathetic division release

A

Norepinephrine

90
Q

What does the presynaptic neuron of the parasympathetic division release

A

Acetylcholine

91
Q

What does the postsynaptic neuron of the parasympathetic division release

A

Acetylcholine

92
Q

What is the largest portion of the human brain

A

The cerebrum

93
Q

what is broca’s area responsible for

A

The planning and production of speech

94
Q

Where is Broca’s area located

A

Above the insula

95
Q

What is the primary motor cortex responsible for

A

Controls voluntary contraction of specific muscles

96
Q

What is a homunculus

A

6 distorted person on the surface of the cortex that sends or receives neural projections from these regions

97
Q

What does the basal nuclei (corpus striatum) consist of

A

Caudate
Putamen
Globus pallidus

98
Q

What is the basal nuclei important for

A

Motor integration

99
Q

What does the basal nuclei control

A

Autonomic movements of skeletal muscle and muscle tone

100
Q

What does the basal nuclei recieve

A

Dense connections from the cortex

101
Q

What does damage to the basal nuclei cause

A

Dyskinesia

102
Q

What is dyskinesia

A

The abnormality or impairment of vol4movement at rest

103
Q

What is Parkensins disease caused by

A

A loss of nerve cells in the basal nuclei

104
Q

What are association tracts

A

Myelinated axons that conduct nerves impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere

105
Q

What are comissural tracts

A

Myekinated axons that conduct nerve impulses from the gyri in one hemisphere to the other

106
Q

What are projection tracts

A

Myekinated axons that conduct nerve impulses between the cerebrum and lower parts of the CNS

107
Q

What is the diencephelon surrounded by

A

The cerebral hemisphere

108
Q

What ventricle does the diencephelon surround

A

The third ventricle

109
Q

What is the nuclei of the diencephelon involved in

A

Sensory and motor processing between higher and lower brain centers

110
Q

What cranial bone houses the pituitary gland

A

The Sella turcica, sphenoid bone

111
Q

What is the thalamus responsible for

A

It is the major relay station for sensory input, except for smell, to the cerebral cortex

112
Q

What is the hypothalamus responsible for

A

The regulation of homeostasis

113
Q

Where is the blood brain barrier not located

A

The hypothalamus

114
Q

What gland does the epithalamus contain

A

The pineal gland

115
Q

What conducts nerve impulses between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain

A

The cerebellar peduncles

116
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A

The coordination of movement, maintaining equilibrium and balance

117
Q

What are the ridges of the cerebellar cortex called

A

Folia

118
Q

Where are astrocytes located

A

In the CNS

119
Q

Where are microglia cell located

A

Originates in bone marrow and migrates to the cns

120
Q

What are astrocytes important for

A

Maintaining and secreting chemical environemnt for the conduction of nerve impulses

121
Q

What are microglia important for

A

Immune system function

122
Q

Where are ependymal cells located

A

Line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spine

123
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells

A

Produce, monitor, and assist in circulating the cerebral spinal fluid

Anatomy (3 decks)

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