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Urinary Anatomy Flashcards

Week 5

1
Q

Functions of Kidneys

A

Urine production and excretion of waste

Water and acid base balance regulation
Osmolarity and electrolyte regulation
BP regulation

EPO and renin Secretion

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2
Q

anatomical location of kidneys

A

Posterior abdominal wall

Lateral to Psoas Major

On Quadrats Lumborum

R kidney inferior to L kidney

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3
Q

Are the
a) lateral side
b) - medial side

of the kideny convex or cancave?

A

Lateral side = conVEX

Medial side = conCAVE

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4
Q

Describe anatomical structure of the kidney

A

Superior pole = Adrenal Gland

R renal artery = longer than L

L renal vein = longer than R

Enclosed in fibrous capsule

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4
Q

What forms the renal hiluj?

A

Renal artery

Renal vein

Renal pelvis

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5
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle lining the renal pelvis and ureter?

A

contracts rhythmically and propels urine along by peristalsis

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6
Q

Kidney Arterial supply pathway:

A

Renal A –> Segmental A –> Interlobar A –> Arcuate A –> Interlobular A –> Afferent Ateriole –> golmerulus –> efferent Artteriole

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7
Q

Kidney Venous Supply:

A

interlobolar vein –> arcurate vein –> interlobular vein –> Renal vein

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8
Q

2 structures that form the Nephron:

A

Renal corpuscle

Renal tubule

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9
Q

what structures make up the renal corpuscle?

A
  1. glomerulus
    1. Bowman’s capsule
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10
Q

What are the cells that make up the glomerulus?

A

Mesangial Cells

Podocytes

Basement membrane

Endothelial cells

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11
Q

What is the function of mesangial cells?

A

Support glomerular tuft and secret GFs and matrix proteins

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12
Q

What is the function of podocytes?

A

Support glomerular tuft and form filtration barrier

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13
Q

Endothelial cells of Glomerulus function.

A

From part of filtration barrier

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14
Q
  • what structures form the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB)?
A
  1. fenestrated endothelium
    1. basement membrane
    2. podocytes (pedicels = foot processes, spaces between = slits)
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15
Q

What are all of the components of the renal tubule?

A
  1. PCT
    1. loop of Henle
    2. DCT
    3. CD
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16
Q

Which parts of the loop of Henle or ascending/ descending?

A

thick → thin descending limb

    thin → thick ascending limb
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17
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule histological features

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Apical surface with brush border (MV) for absorption

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17
Q

Loop of Henle histological features

A

Simple Squamous epi

Protruding nuclues in thin limbs

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18
Q

Histological features and function of DCT.

A

no brush border

site of ion exchange (salt/ water regulation)

acid base balance

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19
Q

Histological features of Collecting duct

A

clear membrane between cells (not seen in DCTs)

hypertonic urine leaves CDs and drains into minor calyces

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20
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the renal papilla?

A

transitional

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21
Q

Outer vs Inner Medulla

(function, salt gradient and histo)

A

Function
- inner= concentrate urine
-outer- reabsorption of salts

Salt grad
- Inner= maintains and contributes to High
- Outer- establishes initial high

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22
Q

Cortex vs medulla structures

A

Cortex
Glomeruli, PCT. DCT and renal corpsucules

Medulla
LoH, Collecting ducts, vasa recta

23
What is the Trigone
smooth triangular surface of urinary bladder
24
Why does the ureters enter obliquely
to prevent urine backflow. pressure grad in bladder callapses distal ends
25
What is gastrulation and form what part does the kidney develop from?
bilaminar embryonic disc --> trilaminar embryonic disc Kidney's develop from the intermediate mesoderm of trilaminar
26
What are the three stages of kidney development?
Pronephroi Stage Mesonephroi stage Metanephroi stage
27
Function and features os mesonephroni stage
Features Large, elongated excretory tubules Glomeruli and mesonephric tubules Opens into mesospheric ducts and cloaca Function Transient (not-water conserving)
28
What are the 2 structures in which the permanent kidney develops from?
metanephric Diverticulum Metanephric mecenchyme
29
Metanephroi stage timeline
Begins early 5th wk Produces urine around 10th week Urine secreted into amniotic cavity and absorbed in foetal GIT
30
What develops from the metanephric Diverticulum
collecting ducts calyces renal pelvis ureter
31
what develops from thh Metanephric mecenchyme
nephron renal corpuscle proximal convoluted tubule loop of Henle distal convoluted tubule interstitium
32
What is the Urothelium
= transitional epithelium lining Acts as a barrier to protect cells from urine toxicity
33
Bladder development
Urorectal spetum divides cloaca Urorectal septum grows towards cloaca membrane Fuses Urogenital sinus and rectum form Site of fuse= perineal body Bladder develops from urogenital sinus
34
What is a Cross fused renal ectopia
Kidneys fused and located on same side
35
What are the consequences of unilateral vs bilateral renal agenesis?
U= compensatory hypertrophy B= lethal
36
What is a sigmoid kidney
Superior pole fuses with inferior pile of other kidney = S shape
37
What is a Pancake kidney
Superior and inferior poles fuse
37
What is the most common kidney abnormailty?
Horseshoe Kidney Inferior poles fuse
38
consequence of Partial division of ureteric bud
Bifid ureter
39
consequence of Complete division of ureteric bud
Double kidney w bifid ureters
40
Hydroureter vs hydronephrosis
HU= dilation of ureter HP= dilation of renal pelvis and calyces
41
What is the consequence of Hydroureter and hydronephrosis
Urinary stasis --> infection, renal scaring, calculus formation, sepsis, HTN
42
what are the 3 most common sites of ureteric obstruction?
Ureteropelvic junction Midureter (cross illiac artery) Utero-vesical junction
43
What is the mechanism of referred pain in renal colic?
Visceral and Somatic neurons enter CNS at same spinal level – brain can't determine if info is visceral or somatic
44
what is the function of the glomerulus?
filters small solutes from the blood
45
describe the epithelium of the bladder.
transitional epithelium with three layers: umbrella cells, intermediate cells and basal cells
46
what is the function of the lamina propia?
essential support, nourishment, immune function, and sensory input, all of which are crucial for the bladder's ability to store and expel urin
47
Detrusor muscle
A smooth muscle of the bladder that creates sustained contraction necessary to empty the bladder.
48
urethra epithelium in males
Prostatic = transitional Membranous= pseudo-stratified columnar spongy= pseudostratified and as moves distally changes to squamous
49
urethra epithelium in females
near bladder = transnational (stretch), as moves distally = stratified squamous (protection)
50
what are kidney stones?
Stones in kidney that can be made from various things (Ca Oxide, Ca Phosphate, uric acid)
51
Why are kidney stones formed?
Dehydration Diet (high Na, protein or oxalate (spinach) Family history Medical conditions (IBS, diabetes, hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis) Medication, urine pH
52
What components are developed form the ureteric buds?
ureters, renal pelvis, calyces and collecting ducts.
53
what does the metanephros develop from?
metaphric blasteoma (mesoderm) and uretrric bud
54
What happens to the renal blood supply as the kidney descends?
shifts from lower to higher levels Temporary renal arteries are replaced by permanent ones from the aorta.  
55
what develops nephrons?
Metanephric mesoderm
56
What does the uretic bud produce?
Collecting system: CDs ureters renal pelvis calyces

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