Urinary

Question 1

What is Azotaemia

Answer 1

Increase of Urea and Creatinine in the peripheral blood

Question 2

What is Dysuria?

Answer 2

Pain/Difficulty urinating

Question 3

What is Stranguria

Answer 3

Straining to urinate

Question 4

What is Haematuria?

Answer 4

Blood in the urine

Question 5

What is Pollakiuria?

Answer 5

Increased frequency of urination

Question 6

What is Polyuria

Answer 6

Increased Volume of Urination

Question 7

What is Oliguria

Answer 7

Decreased urine production

Question 8

What is Anuria

Answer 8

No urine production

Question 9

1. What Nerve innovates the bladder and proximal urethra sphincter? 2. Is this Sympathetic or Parasympathetic? 3. What section of the spinal cord does this come out from? 4. What type of receptors does this nerve fibres terminate with?

Answer 9

1. Hypogastric Nerve 2. Sympathetic 3. L1-L3 4. alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

Question 10

1. What Nerve innovates the Detrusor muscle 2. What kind of innervation is this? 3. What else does this nerve innovate? 4. What section of the Spinal Cord does this nerve leave the spine from?

Answer 10

1. Pelvic Nerve 2. Efferent Parasympathetic innovation of detrusor muscle 3. afferent impulses from stretch receptors in the detrusor muscle. 4. S1-S3

Question 11

What nerve innovates the Distal urinary sphincter?

Answer 11

Pudendal Nerve

Question 12

What neuroreceptors are involved in the storage/filling and Emptying of the bladder?

Answer 12

Cholinergic and Beta adrenergic receptors are cioncentrated in the detrusor muscle while alpha adrenergic receptors are concentrated in the trigone, bladder neck and urethra.

Parasympathetic NS is almost exclusively cholinergic and only uses acetlycholine to send messages.

Question 13

1. During storage of urine explain the nerve signals involved

Answer 13

1. Smooth muscle at the junction of the bladder and urethra is maintained in a steady state of contraction by sympathetic stimulation of alpha adrenergic receptors in the bladder neck and proximal urethra via the hypogastric nerver. At the same time this nerve also transmits stimulation of Beta adrenergic receptors on the bladder wall, simultaneously relaxing the detrusor mescle allowing storage of urine.

Question 14

What happens when the bladder nears capacity? Explain the steps and neurotransmitters

Answer 14

Stretch receptors are activated by distention of the detrusor muscle stimulating the parasympathetic pelvic nerve. This acts on the brainstem to initiate reflex detrusor muscle contraction and inhibition of the pudendal and hypogastric nerves resulting in relaxation of the smooth and striated urethral musclature, permitting urination.

The external urethral sphincters striated muscle, similar to the smooth muscle in this region, remains in a state of steady contaction, contributing to active urethral resistance during urine storage, and is inhibited during reflex urination. Additionally, voluntary control can initiate or inhibit the detrusor reflex so that urination occurs at an appropriate time and place.

Question 15

What is cystitis?

Answer 15

Inflammation of the Urinary Bladder also called a UTI