urinary

Question 1

how does bladder cancer present

Answer 1

painless hematuria

Question 2

two pathways for urothelial ca

Answer 2

flat

papillary

Question 3

which urothelial ca is assoc with p53

Answer 3

flat

Question 4

how does squamous cell ca arise

Answer 4

in a background of Metaplasia

Question 5

risk factors of SCC of bladder

Answer 5

chronic cystitis
schistosoma
long standing nephrolithiasis

Question 6

risk factor for urothelial ca

Answer 6

cigarette smoke
napthylamine
azo dyes
long term cyclophosphamide
phenacetin

Question 7

how does adenocarcinoma of bladder arise

Answer 7

urachal remnant (dome of bladder)
cystitis glandularis
exstrophy (failure to form caudal anterior abdominal and bladder wall)