Urinary

Question 1

Upper UTIs

Answer 1

Infections of kidneys (polynephritis)

Question 2

Bacterial causes of UTIs

Answer 2

Most commonly E. coli.
Kidney stones can also allow proteus bacteria to grow.

More common in women.

Question 3

Viral causes of UTIs

Answer 3

HSV-2

Question 4

Fungal causes of UTi

Answer 4

Most often candida

Especially low immune or with cather

Question 5

UTIs: causes

Answer 5

Bacterial
Viral
Fungal
Parasitic

Ascending more common than descending.

Question 6

Lower UTIs

Answer 6

Infections of urethra (urethritis) or bladder (cystitis)

Possibly prostate infections.

Question 7

UTIs: contributing factors

Answer 7

Blockage
Improper emptying
Incompetent valves
Foreign objects (catheters etc)
Sex
Diaphragm with spermicide
Fistula 
Prostatitis
Blood borne infections (septicaemia, infective endocarditis)

Question 8

Urethritis

Answer 8

Lower UTI

Infection of urethra

Question 9

Most common cause of urethritis in men

Answer 9

Gonorrhea

Question 10

Lower UTI: Sx

Answer 10

Painful, frequent urination

May be asymptomatic

Possible pneumaturia
Nocturnia

Possible cloudy urine, with visible blood (30%)

Question 11

Cystitis

Answer 11

Lower UTI

Infection of the bladder.

Common in reproductive-age women. Less so in men.

Question 12

Cystitis: causes

Answer 12

Usually blockage

Stone
enlarged prostate
Stricture in urethra

Question 13

Pneumaturia

Answer 13

Air in urine

From fistula

Question 14

Pyelonephritis

Answer 14

Kidney infection
Bacterial (usually E. coli )

Risk increases during pregnancy

Question 15

Pyelonephritis: Sx

Answer 15

Sudden

Chills, fever, pain, nausea, vomiting

1/3 symptoms of cystitis

Renal colic if ureters spasm

Question 16

Glomerulonephritis

Answer 16

Disorder of glomerulii

Primary or secondary
Acute or chronic

Characterized by edema, high blood pressure, RBC in urine

Question 17

Acute Glomerulonephritis

Answer 17

Usually secondary from strep infection of skin or throat

Usually in kids

Question 18

Chronic Glomerulonephritis

Answer 18

Usually results from unresolved primary

Can also be hereditary nephritis

Question 19

Glomeronephritis: Sx

Answer 19

Acute: half asymptomatic

Edema first
Increasing BP
Malaise
Weakness, fever, anorexia, abdominal and joint pain

Protein in urine

Chronic less severe initially than rapidly progressing

Question 20

Glomerulonephritis: tx

Answer 20

Low protein high sodium
Diuretics
Immunosuppressants for rapidly progressing

Question 21

Bladder cancer

Answer 21

Usually transitional cell

Usually cause blood in urine
Pain, discomfort during urination
Frequency
Anemia

Most often Dx via cytoscopy

Question 22

Biggest risk factor for bladder cancer

Answer 22

Smoking

Can be caused by chronic inflammation from parasites (schistosomiasis) or bladder stones

Question 23

Renal cancer

Answer 23

2-3% of all adult cancers

50% more men then women

Question 24

Blood in urine often first sign of

Answer 24

Renal cancer

Bladder cancer

Question 25

Renal cancer: risks

Answer 25

Smoking
Toxin exposure
Obesity
Age

Question 26

Polycytyemia and renal cancer

Answer 26

Increased erythropoietin production by diseases kidney or by tumor.

Headache, fatigue, dizziness, visual disturbances

Question 27

Renal stones

Answer 27

Usually Ca+

More common in people with hypoparathyroidism and short bowel syndrome, diets high in Vit C and Protein, low in H2O and Ca+, high in oxalates

Question 28

Polycystic kidney disease

Answer 28

Hereditary disorder in which many fluid filled sacs forming both kidneys

Question 29

Polycystic kidney disease: Sx

Answer 29

Discomfort or pain
Blood in urine
Fatigue nausea
Repeated UTI

Question 30

Nephritis

Answer 30

Inflammation of the nephron

Question 31

Nephrosis

Answer 31

Inflammation of the kidney

Proteinuria >3.5 g

Most common causes: glomerulosclerosis, nephropathy, diabetes.

Edema, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia and lipiduria