Urinary

Question 1

What are the functions of the Urinary system?

Answer 1

Clears blood of metabolic waste
Regulates fluid and electrolyte balance
produces renal erythropoietic factor and renin
hydroxylates Vit D to active form–Ca balance

Question 2

Capsule of the kidney is what kind of tissue?

Answer 2

Dense irregular CT

Question 3

What is the first part of the nephron and what is it concerned with?

Answer 3

Bowman’s capsule-dital tubule–concerned with formation of urine

Question 4

What is the second part of the nephron and what is its job?

Answer 4

Collecting system–carries out final concentration of urinary solutes

Question 5

The visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule is composed of what?

Answer 5

Podocytes and which covers glomerular capillaries

Question 6

Describe the capillary endothelium of the glomerular filtration barrier

Answer 6

Fenstrated with no diaphragms and blocks blood cells and platelets

Question 7

What does the BM of the glomerular filtration barrier restrict passage of?

Answer 7

Proteins larger than 70kd

Question 8

What is the BM of the glomerular filtration barrier composed of?

Answer 8

fusion pro ducted made by both endothelium and podocytes

Question 9

What is at the vascular pole of the kidney?

Answer 9

Where afferent arteriole enters and efferent arteriole leaves

Question 10

What begins at the urinary (tubular) pole?

Answer 10

The proximal tubule

Question 11

What does the renal corpuscle consist of?

Answer 11

Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus

Question 12

What is a superficial nephron?

Answer 12

short loops of Henle that extend a short distance into the medulla

Question 13

What is a juxtamedullary nephron and why are they important?

Answer 13

long loops of Henle that penetrate deep into the medulla

Important in the production of hypertonic urine

Question 14

What is a intermediate nephron?

Answer 14

Have intermediate characteristics

Question 15

What is Macula densa?

Answer 15

Modified epithelial cells in wall of distal tubule

Question 16

What are juxtaglomerular cells?

Answer 16

modified smooth muscle cells in tunica media of afferent arteriole

Question 17

What are extragolmerular mesangial cells?

Answer 17

Pale-staining cells located in the angle btwn afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 18

What do collecting tubules merge to form and then those open into what?

Answer 18

collecting ducts–empty into minor calyx

Question 19

What is the role of the renin-angiotensin system?

Answer 19

regulates fluid and electrolyte balance and blood pressure

Question 20

What occurs in the kidney when BP falls?

Answer 20

The Juxtaglomerular cells release renin–converts angiotensinogen (from liver) to angiotensin I—is converted to angiotensin II by ACE in capillary of endothelial cells of the lungs

Question 21

What is the role of angiotensin II?

Answer 21

Stimulates the zone glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone

Question 22

What is the role of aldosterone?

Answer 22

stimulates the distal tubule to reabsorb Na and water
–water increases intravascular fluid volume–raises BP

Also a vasoconstrictor

Question 23

What is the role of Macula Densa?

Answer 23

senses changes in NaCl concentration in the distal tubule

High NaCl–inhibits renin secretion
Low NaCl– stimulates renin secretion

Question 24

What are extraglomerular mesangial cells?

Answer 24

Play supportive role–may provide signal integrating system

Question 25

What is the order of arterial supply to the kidney?

Answer 25

renal artery-->anterior/posterior division-->interlobar arteries (run in renal columns)---> arcuate arteris---> interlobular arteries--->afferent arterioles (site of juxaglomerular cells)---> glomerular capillaries---> efferent arterioles (peritubular capillary network which nourishes proximal and distal tubules)---> vasa recta

Question 26

What capillary network nourishes proximal and distal tubules?

Answer 26

peritubular

Question 27

What veins drain the capillaries in capsule and peritubular capillary network and form the interlobular veins?

Answer 27

Stellate veins

Question 28

What is the role of Erythropoietin?

Answer 28

Promote RBC formation in bone marrow

Question 29

What stimulates erythropoietin synthesis?

Answer 29

Hypoxia due to - hemorrhage - destruction of RBCs - compromise of pulmonary function - CHF - high altitude

Question 30

Where is Erythropoietin produced?

Answer 30

endothelial cells lining peritubular capillary plexus

Question 31

What is Erythropoietin used for in a clinical setting?

Answer 31

Anemia--chronic dz/postop/cancer pts Neuroprotection--antiapoptotic treatment of CVD induction of bone remodeling by activating osteoclasts

Question 32

What is the downside of erythropoietin therapy?

Answer 32

Erythrocytosis--too many RBCs | --increases blood viscosity and increases thrombi formation

Question 33

What does the luminal surface of the transitional epithelium contain and what do these consist of?

Answer 33

Plaques--consisting of uroplakin

Question 34

Where do 90% of urinary bladder tumors originate?

Answer 34

in the epithelial lining of the bladder

Question 35

What epithelial lining does the prostatic urethra have?

Answer 35

transitional epithelium

Question 36

What epithelial lining does the membranous urethra have?

Answer 36

transitional--pseudostratified epithelium

Question 37

What epithelial lining does the penile urethra have?

Answer 37

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

Question 38

What epithelium is the fossa navicularis made up of?

Answer 38

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 39

What are the glands of Littre and where are they most abundant?

Answer 39

muscus-secreting glands that empty into the male urethra most abundant in penile urethra

Question 40

What epithelium lines the female urethra?

Answer 40

stratified squamous with some pseudostratified