Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the Urinary system?

A

Clears blood of metabolic waste
Regulates fluid and electrolyte balance
produces renal erythropoietic factor and renin
hydroxylates Vit D to active form–Ca balance

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2
Q

Capsule of the kidney is what kind of tissue?

A

Dense irregular CT

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3
Q

What is the first part of the nephron and what is it concerned with?

A

Bowman’s capsule-dital tubule–concerned with formation of urine

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4
Q

What is the second part of the nephron and what is its job?

A

Collecting system–carries out final concentration of urinary solutes

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5
Q

The visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule is composed of what?

A

Podocytes and which covers glomerular capillaries

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6
Q

Describe the capillary endothelium of the glomerular filtration barrier

A

Fenstrated with no diaphragms and blocks blood cells and platelets

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7
Q

What does the BM of the glomerular filtration barrier restrict passage of?

A

Proteins larger than 70kd

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8
Q

What is the BM of the glomerular filtration barrier composed of?

A

fusion pro ducted made by both endothelium and podocytes

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9
Q

What is at the vascular pole of the kidney?

A

Where afferent arteriole enters and efferent arteriole leaves

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10
Q

What begins at the urinary (tubular) pole?

A

The proximal tubule

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11
Q

What does the renal corpuscle consist of?

A

Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus

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12
Q

What is a superficial nephron?

A

short loops of Henle that extend a short distance into the medulla

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13
Q

What is a juxtamedullary nephron and why are they important?

A

long loops of Henle that penetrate deep into the medulla

Important in the production of hypertonic urine

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14
Q

What is a intermediate nephron?

A

Have intermediate characteristics

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15
Q

What is Macula densa?

A

Modified epithelial cells in wall of distal tubule

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16
Q

What are juxtaglomerular cells?

A

modified smooth muscle cells in tunica media of afferent arteriole

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17
Q

What are extragolmerular mesangial cells?

A

Pale-staining cells located in the angle btwn afferent and efferent arterioles

18
Q

What do collecting tubules merge to form and then those open into what?

A

collecting ducts–empty into minor calyx

19
Q

What is the role of the renin-angiotensin system?

A

regulates fluid and electrolyte balance and blood pressure

20
Q

What occurs in the kidney when BP falls?

A

The Juxtaglomerular cells release renin–converts angiotensinogen (from liver) to angiotensin I—is converted to angiotensin II by ACE in capillary of endothelial cells of the lungs

21
Q

What is the role of angiotensin II?

A

Stimulates the zone glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone

22
Q

What is the role of aldosterone?

A

stimulates the distal tubule to reabsorb Na and water
–water increases intravascular fluid volume–raises BP

Also a vasoconstrictor

23
Q

What is the role of Macula Densa?

A

senses changes in NaCl concentration in the distal tubule

High NaCl–inhibits renin secretion
Low NaCl– stimulates renin secretion

24
Q

What are extraglomerular mesangial cells?

A

Play supportive role–may provide signal integrating system

25
Q

What is the order of arterial supply to the kidney?

A

renal artery–>anterior/posterior division–>interlobar arteries (run in renal columns)—> arcuate arteris—> interlobular arteries—>afferent arterioles (site of juxaglomerular cells)—> glomerular capillaries—> efferent arterioles (peritubular capillary network which nourishes proximal and distal tubules)—> vasa recta

26
Q

What capillary network nourishes proximal and distal tubules?

A

peritubular

27
Q

What veins drain the capillaries in capsule and peritubular capillary network and form the interlobular veins?

A

Stellate veins

28
Q

What is the role of Erythropoietin?

A

Promote RBC formation in bone marrow

29
Q

What stimulates erythropoietin synthesis?

A

Hypoxia due to

  • hemorrhage
  • destruction of RBCs
  • compromise of pulmonary function
  • CHF
  • high altitude
30
Q

Where is Erythropoietin produced?

A

endothelial cells lining peritubular capillary plexus

31
Q

What is Erythropoietin used for in a clinical setting?

A

Anemia–chronic dz/postop/cancer pts
Neuroprotection–antiapoptotic
treatment of CVD
induction of bone remodeling by activating osteoclasts

32
Q

What is the downside of erythropoietin therapy?

A

Erythrocytosis–too many RBCs

–increases blood viscosity and increases thrombi formation

33
Q

What does the luminal surface of the transitional epithelium contain and what do these consist of?

A

Plaques–consisting of uroplakin

34
Q

Where do 90% of urinary bladder tumors originate?

A

in the epithelial lining of the bladder

35
Q

What epithelial lining does the prostatic urethra have?

A

transitional epithelium

36
Q

What epithelial lining does the membranous urethra have?

A

transitional–pseudostratified epithelium

37
Q

What epithelial lining does the penile urethra have?

A

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

38
Q

What epithelium is the fossa navicularis made up of?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

39
Q

What are the glands of Littre and where are they most abundant?

A

muscus-secreting glands that empty into the male urethra

most abundant in penile urethra

40
Q

What epithelium lines the female urethra?

A

stratified squamous with some pseudostratified