Female Reproduction 2

Question 1

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

Answer 1

Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

Question 2

What makes up the stroma of the endometrium?

Answer 2

CT/type III collagen(reticular fibers)/fibroblasts

Question 3

What are the two layers of the endometrium and how do they change?

Answer 3

Basal layer- lower layer and doesn’t change

Functional layer- upper layer and changes dramatically through the menstrual cycle

Question 4

What arteries supply each layer of the endometrium?

Answer 4

Basal layer- straight arteries
functional layer- spiral arteries–in the absence of progesterone are occluded and cut off supply to the functional layer

Question 5

What occurs during the menstrual phase of the endometrium?

Answer 5

Progesterone loss after luteolysis–constriction of the spiral arteries feeding the functional layer
Hypoxia causes cause menstrual flow

Question 6

What occurs during the proliferative phase of the endometrium?

Answer 6

Estrogen released from growing ovarian follicles acts as mitogen—proliferation of stromal and uterine gland secretory cells

Spiral arteries regrow and sprout arterioles

Question 7

What occurs during the secretory phase of the endometrium?

Answer 7

Progesterone from the corpus luteum stimulates secretory cell hypertrophy and secretory activity, also promotes vascular changes

Question 8

What do secretory cells secrete during secretory phase and what role do these secretions play?

Answer 8

Glycogen and glycoprotein-rich products

-dilates the secretory phase uterine glands—primary nutrition source for the embryo prior to and during implantation

Question 9

What causes maternal blood supply to the placenta during the secretory phase?

Answer 9

thin-walled vascular lacunae

Question 10

What is Endometriosis?

Answer 10

Colonization of endometrial stromal and parenchyal cells outside the uterus
-endometrium sloughed during menses passes retrograde through the oviducts–into the peritoneal cavity

Question 11

What are the consequences of endometriosis?

Answer 11

• Endometrial tissue remains hormone sensitive–growth then bleeding through menstrual cycle
• Pain/inflammation/adhesion formation
• Chocolate cyst

Question 12

What is a chocolate cyst?

Answer 12

endometrial tissue trapped beneath the ovary tunica albuginea–large amount of bleeding and not just during menses

Result of endometriosis

Question 13

What are the changes that occur to the myometrium during pregnancy?

Answer 13

Hyperplasia/hypertrophy of the smooth muscle
increased collagen production

Reversed postpartum by apoptosis/atrophy/collagen proteolysis

Question 14

What is the perimetric continuous with?

Answer 14

broad ligament

Question 15

What results from the occlusion of cervical gland ducts?

Answer 15

Nabothian cysts

-not neoplastic and usually resolve on their own

Question 16

Where is a pap smear taken from?

Answer 16

cytological examination of transformation zone

Question 17

How are infectious agents inhibited from growing in the vaginal canal?

Answer 17

Estrogen stimulates vaginal epithelial cells to accumulate glycogen

• after desquamation the glycogen is released and the resident lactobacilli bacteria ferment and create lactic acid
• lactic acid causes low pH env. inhibiting other infectious agents from growing

Question 18

What is the parenchyma of the breast made up of?

Answer 18

intralobular ducts and secretory elements

Question 19

Where to the breast lobes drain?

Answer 19

lactiferous duct

Question 20

Where do breast lobules drain?

Answer 20

interlobular ducts–which drain into lactiferous duct

Question 21

Where do lactiferous ducts drain?

Answer 21

lactiferous sinus near nipple- then empty at the nipple surface

Question 22

What is interlobular stroma made up of and where does it lie?

Answer 22

dense irregular CT btwn lobules within a lobe

Question 23

What is a terminal duct lobular unit? and what may originate here?

Answer 23

breast lobule + associated interlobular duct

most breast cancers originate from the TDLU

Question 24

What occurs during the menstrual cycle in the inactive breast tissue?

Answer 24

duct lumens narrow

@ ovulation–secretory cells increase in height and produce some secretions

Question 25

What is produced by the plasma cells in a lactating breast?

Answer 25

IgAs–provides newborn with passive immunity